Troosticrinidae

Belongs within: Blastoidea.

The Troosticrinidae are a Silurian to Lower Carboniferous family of blastoids characterised by having an elongate conical or obconical theca with five paired spiracles around the mouth (Beaver et al. 1967). The Silurian Troosticrinus has short, outwardly directed and slightly downward ambulacra margined by thin thecal plates (Beaver et al. 1967).

Beaver et al. (1967) suggested that the Troosticrinidae are paraphyletic with regard to Diploblastidae (with a globular theca and five paired spiracles or four paired spiracles and an anispiracle around the mouth), Granatocrinidae (with eight spiracles and an anispiracle or paired anispiracle around the mouth) and Schizoblastidae (with ten spiracles and a separate anal opening around the mouth). The former two groups are restricted to the lower Carboniferous, but the Schizoblastidae survived to the Permian.

<==Troosticrinidae [Troosticrinida, Troostoblastidae, Troostocrinidae]
    |  i. s.: Uyguroblastus conicusWM03
    |         Belocrinus Munier-Chalmas 1881WM03, BF67 [incl. Belemnocrinus Munier-Chalmas 1876 non White 1862ML78]
    |           `--*B. cottaldi (Munier-Chalmas 1876) [=Belemnocrinus cottaldi]BF67
    |--Troosticrinus Shumard 1866 [=Clavaeblastus Hambach 1903, Troostocrinus Meek & Worthen 1868]BF67
    |    `--*T. reinwardti (Troost 1835) [=Pentremites reinwardti, *Clavaeblastus reinwardti, *Troostocrinus reinwardti]BF67
    `--+--Schizotremites Reimann 1945 [incl. Pentremitella Lehmann 1949]BF67
       |    |--*S. kopfi Reimann 19445BF67
       |    `--‘*Pentremitella’ osoleae Lehmann 1949BF67
       |--SchizoblastidaeBF67
       |    |--Acentrotremites Etheridge & Carpenter 1883BF67
       |    |    `--*A. ellipticus (Cumberland 1826) [=Mitra elliptica]BF67
       |    |--Schizoblastus Etheridge & Carpenter 1882BF67
       |    |    |--*S. sayi (Shumard 1855) [=Pentremites sayi]BF67
       |    |    `--S. aplatus (Rowley & Hare 1891)SG93
       |    `--+--Auloblastus Beaver 1961BF67
       |       |    `--*A. clinei Beaver 1961BF67
       |       |--Lophoblastus Rowley 1901BF67
       |       |    |--*L. inopinatus (Rowley & Hare 1891) [=Codonites inopinatus]BF67
       |       |    `--L. neglectusBF67
       |       `--+--Orbiblastus Macurda 1965BF67
       |          |    `--*O. hoskynae Macurda 1965BF67
       |          `--Deltoblastus Fay 1961BF67
       |               |--*D. elongatus (Wanner 1940)BF67, SG93 [=Schizoblastus delta elongatusBF67]
       |               |--D. batheriBF67
       |               |--D. permicusBF67
       |               `--D. timorensisBF67
       |--+--Metablastus Etheridge & Carpenter 1886BF67
       |  |    |--*M. lineatus (Shumard 1858) [=Pentremites lineatus]BF67
       |  |    |--M. wachsmuthiBF67
       |  |    `--M. wortheniBF67
       |  |--Tricoelocrinus Meek & Worthen 1868 [incl. Saccoblastus Hambach 1903]BF67
       |  |    |--*T. woodmani (Meek & Worthen 1868) [=Pentremites (Troostocrinus) woodmani]BF67
       |  |    |--‘Pentremites’ bipyramidalis Hall 1858 [=*Saccoblastus bipyramidalis]BF67
       |  |    `--T. obliquatusBF67
       |  |--DiploblastidaeBF67
       |  |    |--Nodoblastus Fay 1963BF67
       |  |    |    `--*N. librovitchi (Yakovlev 1941) [=Schizoblastus librovitchi]BF67
       |  |    `--Diploblastus Fay 1961BF67
       |  |         |--*D. glaber (Meek & Worthen 1869) [=Granatocrinus glaber, Mesoblastus glaber]BF67
       |  |         `--D. kirkwoodensis (Shumard 1863)SG93
       |  `--+--Calycoblastus Wanner 1924BF67
       |     |    |--*C. tricavatus Wanner 1924BF67
       |     |    `--C. casei Brown 1941F71
       |     `--Rhopaloblastus Wanner 1924BF67
       |          |--*R. timoricus Wanner 1924BF67
       |          `--R. belfordi (Crockford & Brown 1940) [=Tricoelocrinus belfordi]F71
       `--Granatocrinidae [Granatoblastidae, Granatocrinida]BF67
            |  i. s.: Xinjiangoblastus ornatusWM03
            |--Mesoblastus Etheridge & Carpenter 1886BF67
            |    `--*M. crenulatus (Roemer 1851)BF67 [=Pentatrematites crenulatusWM03, Pentremites crenulatusWM03]
            `--+--Pyramiblastus Macurda 1964BF67
               |    `--*P. fusiformis (Wachsmuth & Springer 1888) [=Orophocrinus fusiformis]BF67
               |--Dentiblastus Macurda 1964BF67
               |    `--*D. sirius (White 1865) [=Pentremites sirius]BF67
               |--Granatocrinus Hall 1862 [=Cidaroblastus Hambach 1903, Granatocrinites Troost 1849 (n. n.)]BF67
               |    |--*G. granulatus (Roemer 1851) [=Pentatrematites granulatus, *Cidaroblastus granulatus]BF67
               |    |--G. kentuckyensisBF67
               |    `--G. lotoblastus White 1874W77
               |--+--Carpenteroblastus Rowley 1901BF67
               |  |    `--*C. magnibasis (Rowley 1895) [=Granatocrinus (Schizoblastus) magnibasis]BF67
               |  `--Monoschizoblastus Cline 1936BF67
               |       `--*M. rofei (Etheridge & Carpenter 1882) [=Granatocrinus rofei]BF67
               |--+--Cribroblastus Hambach 1903BF67
               |  |    `--*C. cornutus (Meek & Worthen 1862) [=Pentremites cornutus]BF67
               |  `--Heteroblastus Etheridge & Carpenter 1886BF67
               |       `--*H. cumberlandi Etheridge & Carpenter 1886BF67
               |--+--Cryptoblastus Etheridge & Carpenter 1886BF67
               |  |    `--*C. melo (Owen & Shumard 1850)BF67 [=Pentremites meloBF67, Granatocrinus meloW77]
               |  `--Tanaoblastus Fay 1961BF67
               |       |--*T. roemeri (Shumard 1855) [=Pentremites roemeri]BF67
               |       |--T. concinnulusBF67
               |       `--T. haynesi Sprinkle & Gutschick 1990SG93
               `--+--Ptychoblastus Fay 1960BF67
                  |    `--*P. pustulosus Fay 1960BF67
                  |--Monadoblastus Fay 1961BF67
                  |    `--*M. granulosus Fay 1961BF67
                  `--Poroblastus Fay 1961BF67
                       |--*P. granulosus (Meek & Worthen 1865) [=Pentremites (Granatocrinus) granulosus]BF67
                       `--P. chouteauensis (Peck 1930)SG93

*Type species of generic name indicated

References

[BF67] Beaver, H. H., R. O. Fay, D. B. Macurda Jr, R. C. Moore & J. Wanner. 1967. Blastoids. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt S. Echinodermata 1. General characters. Homalozoa—Crinozoa (except Crinoidea) vol. 2 pp. S297–S455. The Geological Society of America, Inc., and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.

[ML78] Moore, R. C., N. G. Lane, H. L. Strimple, J. Sprinkle & R. O. Fay. 1978. Inadunata. In: Moore, R. C., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt T. Echinodermata 2. Crinoidea vol. 2 pp. T520–T759. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).

[SG93] Simms, M. J., A. S. Gale, P. Gilliland, E. P. F. Rose & G. D. Sevastopulo. 1993. Echinodermata. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 491–528. Chapman & Hall: London.

[WM03] Waters, J. A., C. G. Maples, N. G. Lane, S. Marcus, Liao Z.-T., Liu L., Hou H.-F. & Wang J.-X. 2003. A quadrupling of Famennian pelmatozoan diversity: new Late Devonian blastoids and crinoids from northwest China. Journal of Paleontology 77 (5): 922–948.

[W77] White, C. A. 1877. Report upon the invertebrate fossils collected in portions of Nevada, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, by parties of the expeditions of 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874. U.S. Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian 4 (1): 1–219, pls 1–21.