Belongs within: Gentianales.
Contains: Canthium, Randia, Rubioideae, Ixoroideae, Cinchonoideae.
The Rubiaceae are a cosmopolitan group of flowering plants usually bearing radial flowers with four-lobed corollas, often associated in tight cymes or clusters. Molecular phylogenies indicate a basal position within the family for Luculia, a genus of trees and shrubs found in the Himalayan region and southern China, characterised by red to pink or white moderate-sized flowers (calyx and corolla lobes up to two centimetres) and capsular, woody fruits. Coptosapelta is an eastern Asian genus of lianas and scandent shrubs bearing subglobose, woody capsular fruits with winged seeds. The subfamilies Ixoroideae and Cinchonoideae differ from Rubioideae in the absence of raphides.
Characters (Hickman 1993): Annual, perennial, shrub, vine, or tree. Leaves generally opposite, entire; stipules generally on stalk, sometimes leaf-like (then leaves apparently whorled and stipules considered leaves), adjacent pairs sometimes fused. Inflorescence a cyme, panicle, cluster, or flower solitary, generally terminal and more or less axillary. Flower generally bisexual; calyx generally more or less four-lobed, sometimes absent; corolla generally radial, four-lobed; stamens epipetalous, alternate with corolla lobes, generally included; ovary generally inferior, chambers generally 2 or 4, style 1, more or less fused if 2. Fruit two or four nutlets or a berry, drupe, or capsule.
<==Rubiaceae [Cinchoneae, Coffeoideae, Coptosapelteae]
|--LuculiaRB01
| |--L. grandifoliaRB01
| |--L. gratissimaSK02
| `--L. pinceanaRB01
`--+--RubioideaeRB01
|--CoptosapeltaRB01
| |--C. diffusaBM00
| `--C. flavescensRB01
`--+--IxoroideaeRB01
`--CinchonoideaeRB01
Rubiaceae incertae sedis:
AtractogyneYY22
SiphonandriumYY22
Alibertia edulisBJ99
AmajouaYY22
AnthispermumYY22
BasanacanthaYY22
ByrsophyllumYY22
CrocyllisYY22
DuroiaYY22
GarapaticaYY22
KotchubaeaYY22
MelanopsidiumYY22
MorindopsisYY22
StachyarrhenaYY22
ThieleodoxaYY22
BataprineYY22
BobeaYY22
Hodgkinsonia ovatifloraYY22, H97
MyonimaYY22
Timonius timonLK14
BathysaYY22
Pouchetia Richard ex de Candolle 1830FT93
`--P. gilletiiBJ99
PsydraxLK14
|--P. odorataLK14
| |--P. o. ssp. odorataLK14
| `--P. o. ssp. arnhemicaLK14
|--P. pendulinaLK14
`--P. suaveolensG04
RutideaBM00
|--R. loesenerianaK17
|--R. orientalisBM00
`--R. tenuicaulis Krause 1917K17
Schenckia blumenaviensisBM00
AidiaBJ99
|--A. micranthaBJ99
`--A. racemosaLK14
Aoranthe pendulifloraBJ99
BertieraBJ99
|--B. brevifloraBJ99
|--B. longiloba Krause 1917K17
|--B. obversa Krause 1917K17
`--B. retrofractaK17
Burchellia bubalinaBJ99
Calochone redingiiBJ99
CanthiumBJ99
Casasia clusiifoliaBJ99
ChomeliaBJ99
Cremaspora trifloraBJ99
Cubanola domingensisBJ99
Didymosalpinx noraeBJ99
Euclinia longifloraBJ99
Feretia aeruginescensBJ99
Genipa americanaBJ99
Glossostipula concinnaBJ99
GonzalaguniaBJ99
|--G. affinisBJ99
`--G. tonduzii Krause 1916K16
Heinsia crinitaBJ99
HippotisBJ99
Kailarsenia ochreataBJ99
Keetia zanzibaricaBJ99
Kraussia floribundaBJ99
Ladenbergia pavoniiBJ99
Leptactina platyphyllaBJ99
Massularia acuminataBJ99
MeynaBJ99
|--M. laxifloraP03
`--M. tetraphyllaBJ99
OxyanthusBJ99
|--O. macrophyllusK17
|--O. molliramis Krause 1917K17
|--O. pyriformisBJ99
`--O. zanguebaricusBJ99
Paracoffea melanocarpaBJ99
Porterandia crosbyiBJ99
Posoqueria latifoliaBJ99
Pseudosabicea arboreaBJ99
Psilanthus manniiBJ99
Rachicallis americanaBJ99
Ramosmania rodriguesiiBJ99
RandiaBJ99
Rosenbergiodendron longiflorumBJ99
Rothmannia longifloraBJ99
SabiceaBJ99
|--S. speiosaM09
`--S. villosaBJ99
Sukunia longipesBJ99
Tamridaea capsuliferaBJ99
TarennaBJ99
|--T. cymosaBJ99
|--T. dallachianaLK14
| |--T. d. ssp. dallachianaLK14
| `--T. d. ssp. expandensLK14
|--T. neurophyllaBJ99
`--T. pentameraLK14
TricalysiaBJ99
|--T. cryptocalyxBJ99
|--T. malaccensisJ06
`--T. ovalifoliaBJ99
Plectronia Linnaeus 1767BR65
|--P. attenuataR44
|--P. formicarum Krause 1917K17
|--P. latifolia [=Canthium latifolium]BR65
|--P. molundensis Krause 1917K17
|--P. parvifloraMa72
`--P. rubrinervis Krause 1917K17
Mastixiodendron pachyclados (Sch.) Melch. 1925 [=Fagraea pachyclados Schumann in Schumann & Lauterbach 1905]C95
Chione venosaJ87
Stevensia hotteanaJ87
XeromphisKJ05
|--X. spinosaKJ05
`--X. uliginosaMi72
Thecagonum ovalifoliumP03
WendlandiaP03
|--W. exsertaP03
|--W. heyneiMi72
`--W. tinctoriaP03
Caelospermum reticulatumB00
Kelloggia galioidesH93
Ixorophyllum ancepsCBH93
Paleorubiaceophyllum eocenicum (Berry) Roth & Dilcher 1979CBH93
Rubiaceocarpum markgrafii Kräusel 1939 [=R. markgrafi]CBH93
‘Triporotetradites’ nachterstedtensisCBH93
RetiniphyllumAS02
Ravnia triflora [incl. Lagenanthus parviflorus Ewan 1952]SK02
Didymochlamys Hook. 1872KC01
Disperma Gmel. 1792KC01
Higginsia Pers. 1805KC01
Jackia Wall. 1823KC01
Piringa Juss. 1820KC01
Psathyra Spreng. 1818KC01
Schachtia Karst. 1859KC01
‘Ludwigia’ erigata Linné 1767 [incl. L. triflora Desr. in Lamk 1792 (nom. illeg.)]R77
CreaghiaT-W89
LucinaeaT-W89
TrisciadiaT-W89
GonyaneraT-W89
TetralophaT-W89
ProscephaliumT-W89
CleisocrateraT-W89
MesopteraT-W89
LitosanthesT-W89
Pelagodendron vitienseW17
Arcythophyllum weberbaueri Krause 1916K16
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
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[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.
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[K16] Krause, K. 1916. Rubiaceae Americae tropicae imprimis andinae. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 54 (Beiblatt 119): 40–46.
[K17] Krause, K. 1917. Rubiaceae africanae. IV. (VIII). Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 54: 347–357.
[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.
[Ma72] Mathew, D. N. 1972. The ecology of the baya in Rajampet, Cuddapah Dt., A.P. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69 (1): 188–191.
[M09] Mayr, G. 2009. Paleogene Fossil Birds. Springer.
[Mi72] Mitra, S. N. 1972. Observations on the vegetation of the Upper Damodar catchment area. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69 (1): 17–25.
[P03] Paul, T. K. 2003. Botanical observations on the Purulia pumped storage hydropower project area, Bagmundi Hills, Purulia district, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 45: 121–142.
[R77] Raven, P. H. 1977. Onagraceae. Flora Malesiana, Series I—Spermatophyta, Flowering Plants 8 (2): 98–113.
[R44] Rayment, T. 1944. A critical revision of species in the zonata group of Anthophora by new characters (part I). Dobutu Gaku—Iho 1 (1): 1–33.
[RB01] Razafimandimbison, S. G., & B. Bremer. 2001. Tribal delimitation of Naucleeae (Cinchonoideae, Rubiaceae): inference from molecular and morphological data. Systematics and Geography of Plants 71: 515–538.
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[YY22] Yampolsky, C., & H. Yampolsky. 1922. Distribution of sex forms in the phanerogamic flora. Bibliotheca Genetica 3: 1–62.