Belongs within: Chlorophyta.
Contains: Chaetophoraceae, Chlorellales, Ulvophyceae, Chlorococcales, Volvocales, Oedogoniophyceae, Tetrasporales.
The Tetraphytae are a clade of green algae in which cytokinesis involves a phycoplast, a system of microtubules that is oriented parallel to the plane of cell division. Members of the clade include both unicellular and multicellular forms.
Characters (Cavalier-Smith 1998): Cruciate microtubular roots without MLS; telophase spindle collapses; cytokinesis involves a phycoplast.
<==Tetraphytae
|--Trebouxiophyceae [Microthamniales, Pleurastrophyceae]M12
| | i. s.: Botryococcus Kutzing 1849AS12, M70
| | `--B. braunii Kutzing 1849M70
| | ChoricystisAS12
| | NannochlorisAS12
| | PabiaAS12
| | Prasiolaceae [Schizogoniales]S57
| | |--Schizogonium Kützing 1843 (nom. cons.) [=Humida Gray 1821 (nom. rej.)]S80
| | | `--*S. murale (Dillwyn) Kützing 1843 (see below for synonymy)S80
| | | |--S. m. f. muraleS57
| | | `--S. m. f. uniseriatum Jao 1937S57
| | `--Prasiola Meneghini 1838 (nom. cons.)AS12, KC01 [=Ulva tribus Prasiola Agardh 1823S80]
| | |--*P. crispa (Lightfoot) Kützing 1843 [=Ulva crispa Lightfoot 1777]S80
| | |--P. calophylla (Carmichael) Meneghini 1838S57 (see below for synonymy)
| | |--P. linearis Jao 1937S57
| | `--P. meridionalis Setchell & Gardner 1920 (see below for synonymy)AH76
| | Asterochloris erici [=Trebouxia erici]M12
| |--ChaetophoraceaeM12
| `--+--+--Stichococcus bacillarisM12
| | `--+--Pseudochlorella pringsheimiiM12
| | `--Koliella longisetaM12
| `--+--ChlorellalesM12
| `--CoccomyxaceaeM12
| |--Elliptochloris bilobataM12
| `--CoccomyxaAS12 [incl. Botrydiopsis Trevisan 1845 (nom. rej.) non Borzì 1889S80]
| |--C. astericolaBK77
| |--C. ophiuraeBK77
| `--C. subellipsoideaC-S18 (see below for synonymy)
`--+--UlvophyceaeM12
`--Chlorophyceae [Polyphytes]M12
| i. s.: DesmodesmusAS12
| FloydiellaAS12
| CylindrocapsaAS12
| MychanastesAS12
| TreubariaAS12
| TrochisciaAS12
| Hemichloris antarcticaSH05
|--+--ChlorococcalesM12
| `--VolvocalesM12
`--+--OedogoniophyceaeM12
`--+--+--TetrasporalesM12
| `--Chaetopeltis Berthold 1878M12, KC01
| `--C. orbicularisM12
`--+--Schizomeris leibleiniiM12
`--+--Uronema Lagerheim 1887M12, HL09
| |--U. acuminataSG99
| |--U. africanumSG05
| |--U. belkaeM12
| |--U. gigasSG05
| `--U. marinum Womersley 1984HL09
`--StigeocloniumM12
|--‘Draparnaldia’ condensataG64
|--‘Draparnaldia’ elongataG64
|--S. helveticumM12
|--‘Draparnaldia’ nanaG64
|--‘Draparnaldia’ protensaG64
|--S. subsecundumSG05
`--‘Draparnaldia’ tenuisG64
Coccomyxa subellipsoideaC-S18 [incl. Botrydina vulgaris Brébisson 1839S80, *Botrydiopsis vulgaris (Brébisson) Trevisan 1845S80]
Prasiola calophylla (Carmichael) Meneghini 1838S57 [=Ulva calophyllaG64; incl. Lyngbya copulataG64, Merismopoedia punctataG64]
Prasiola meridionalis Setchell & Gardner 1920 [incl. Gayella constricta Setchell & Gardner 1920, Rosenvingiella constricta (Setchell & Gardner) Silva 1957]AH76
*Schizogonium murale (Dillwyn) Kützing 1843 [=Conferva muralis Dillwyn 1802, *Humida muralis (Dillwyn) Gray 1821]S80
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[AH76] Abbott, I. A., & G. J. Hollenberg. 1976. Marine Algae of California. Stanford University Press.
[AS12] Adl, S. M., A. G. B. Simpson, C. E. Lane, J. Lukeš, D. Bass, S. S. Bowser, M. W. Brown, F. Burki, M. Dunthorn, V. Hampl, A. Heiss, M. Hoppenrath, E. Lara, E. Le Gall, D. H. Lynn, H. McManus, E. A. D. Mitchell, S. E. Mozley-Stanridge, L. W. Parfrey, J. Pawlowski, S. Rueckert, L. Shadwick, C. L. Schoch, A. Smirnov & F. W. Spiegel. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59 (5): 429–493.
[BK77] Barel, C. D. N., & P. G. N. Kramers. 1977. A survey of the echinoderm associates of the north-east Atlantic area. Zoologische Verhandelingen 156: 1–159.
Cavalier-Smith, T. 1998. A revised six-kingdom system of life. Biological Reviews 73: 203–266.
[C-S18] Cavalier-Smith, T. 2018. Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences. Protoplasma 255: 297–357.
[G64] Gray, J. E. 1864. Handbook of British Water-weeds or Algae. R. Hardwicke: London.
[HL09] Huisman, J. M., F. Leliaert, H. Veerbruggen & R. A. Townsend. 2009. Marine benthic plants of Western Australia’s shelf-edge atolls. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 77: 50–87.
[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi 9th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).
[M12] Marin, B. 2012. Nested in the Chlorellales or independent class? Phylogeny and classification of the Pedinophyceae (Viridiplantae) revealed by molecular phylogenetic analyses of complete nuclear and plastid-encoded rRNA operons. Protist 163 (5): 778–805.
[M70] Meel, L. van. 1970. Etudes limnologiques en Belgique. VI.—Les méandres de la Durme à Hamme (Province de Flandre Orientale). Bulletin de l’Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique 46 (13): 1–56.
[SG05] Sau, A., & R. K. Gupta. 2005. Algal flora of Indian Botanic Garden, Howrah, West Bengal. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 47: 63–86.
[S57] Scagel, R. F. 1957. An annotated list of the marine algae of British Columbia and northern Washington (including keys to genera). National Museum of Canada Bulletin 150: 1–289.
[SH05] Selbmann, L., G. S. de Hoog, A. Mazzaglia, E. I. Friedman & S. Onofri. 2005. Fungi at the edge of life: cryptoendolithic black fungi from Antarctic desert. Studies in Mycology 51: 1–32.
[S80] Silva, P. C. 1980. Remarks on algal nomenclature VI. Taxon 29 (1): 121–145.
[SG99] Sluiman, H. J., & C. Guihal. 1999. Phylogenetic position of Chaetosphaeridium (Chlorophyta), a basal lineage in the Charophyceae inferred from 18S rDNA sequences. Journal of Phycology 35: 395–402.