Belongs within: Rhynchonellata.
Contains: Licharewiinae, Syringothyridinae, Spiriferinidae.
The Spiriferinida are a group of brachiopods known from the Devonian to the Jurassic, characterised by a laterally or posterolaterally oriented spiralium, the presence of a jugum, and a punctate shell. Members include the Spiriferinoidea, in which the shell is typically small, transverse and biconvex, with a distinct fold and sulcus and plicate lateral slopes (Boucot et al. 1965).
<==Spiriferinida [Cyrtinidina, Spiriferinidina]WCB00
|--Syringothyrididae [Septothyringothyridae, Syringothyridae, Syringothyridoidea]HB93
| |--LicharewiinaeBJ65
| `--SyringothyridinaeBJ65
|--Cyrtinidae [Cyrtinacea, Cyrtininae, Cyrtinoidea, Laballidae]WCB00
| |--Flabellocyrtia flabellum Chorowicz & Termier 1975HB93
| |--Bittnerula Hall & Clarke 1894BJ65
| | `--*B. zitteli (Bittner 1890) [=Cyrtina zitteli]BJ65
| |--Davidsonina Schuchert & LeVene 1929 (see below for synonymy)BJ65
| | `--*D. septosa (Phillips 1836) [=Spirifera septosa, *Cyrtinopsis septosa, *Davidsonella septosa]BJ65
| |--Hirsutella Cooper & Muir-Wood 1951 [=Hirsutina Kirchner 1933 non Tutt 1909]BJ65
| | `--*H. hirsuta (Alberti 1864) [=Spirifer hirsutus, *Hirsutina hirsuta]BJ65
| |--Plicocyrtina Havlíček 1956BJ65
| | `--*P. sinuplicata (Havlíček 1956) [=Cyrtina (*Plicocyrtina) sinuplicata]BJ65
| |--Squamulariina Frederiks 1916BJ65
| | `--*S. parva (Gürich 1896) [=Cyrtina parva]BJ65
| |--Thecocyrtella Bittner 1892 [=Cyrtotheca Bittner 1890 non Hicks 1872]BJ65
| | `--*T. ampezzana (Bittner 1890) [=*Cyrtotheca ampezzana]BJ65
| |--Zugmayerella Dagis 1963BJ65
| | `--*Z. koessenensis (Zugmayer 1882) [=Spiriferina koessenensis]BJ65
| |--Cyrtinaella Frederiks 1916 [incl. Pyramidalia Nalivkin 1947]BJ65
| | |--*C. biplicata (Hall 1857) [=Cyrtina biplicata]BJ65
| | `--‘Spirifera’ simplex Phillips 1841 [=*Pyramidalia simplex]BJ65
| |--Psioidea Hector 1879 [incl. Lepismatina Wang 1955]BJ65
| | |--*P. nelsonensis (Trechmann 1918) [=Spiriferina nelsonensis]BJ65
| | |--P. australis (Trechmann 1918)HB93
| | |--P. conjuncta (Hector 1879)HB93
| | `--P. hsui (Wang 1955) [=*Lepismatina hsui]BJ65
| |--Cyrtina Davidson 1858 [incl. Cyrtinaellina Frederiks 1926, Spinocyrtina Frederiks 1916]BJ65
| | |--*C. heteroclita (Defrance 1828) [=Calceola heteroclita]BJ65
| | |--C. acutirostris Shumard 1855 [=*Cyrtinaellina acutirostris]BJ65
| | |--C. carbonaria [=Pentamerus carbonarius; incl. C. carbonaria var. australasica Etheridge 1889]E89
| | |--C. extensa Bolton 1957HB93
| | |--C. hamiltonensis (Hall 1857)NU83, BJ65 [=Cyrtia hamiltonensisBJ65, *Spinocyrtina hamiltonensisBJ65]
| | |--C. hibernicaCSZ03
| | |--C. intermediaMB12
| | |--C. pedunculata Brice 1971F81
| | `--C. wellingtonensis Dun 1904F71
| `--Tecnocyrtina Johnson & Norris 1972NU83
| |--*T. billingsi (Meek 1868) [=Cyrtina billingsi; incl. C. billingsi var. symmetrica Kindle 1928]NU83
| `--T. missouriensisP98
|--PennospiriferinoideaWCB00
|--Spondylospira Cooper 1942BJ65 [SpondylospiroideaWCB00]
| |--*S. reesidei Cooper 1942BJ65
| `--S. lewesensisWBM97
|--Suessioidea [Suessiacea]HB93
| |--Bashkiria [Bashkiriidae]HB93
| | `--B. gemma Nalivkin 1979HB93
| `--Suessia Deslongchamps 1854 [Suessiidae, Suessiinae]BJ65
| |--*S. costata Eudes Deslongchamps 1854BJ65, HB93
| `--S. liasiana Eudes Deslongchamps 1854HB93
`--SpiriferinoideaHB93
|--SpiriferinidaeBJ65
|--Sarganostega [Sarganostegidae]HB93
| |--S. pressa Cooper & Grant 1976HB93
| `--S. prisca Cooper & Grant 1976HB93
|--XestotrematidaeHB93
| |--Xestotrema pulchrum (Meek 1860)HB93
| `--Arionthia lamaria Cooper & Grant 1976HB93
|--Reticulariina Frederiks 1916BJ65 [ReticulariinidaeHB93]
| |--*R. spinosa (Norwood & Pratten 1855) [=Spirifer spinosus]BJ65
| |--R. hueconiana Cooper & Grant 1976HB93
| `--R. phoxa Cooper & Grant 1976HB93
|--Crenispirifer Stehli 1954BJ65 [CrenispiriferidaeHB93]
| |--*C. angulatus (King 1930) [=Spiriferina angulata]BJ65
| |--C. jubatus Cooper & Grant 1976HB93
| `--C. sagus Cooper & Grant 1976HB93
|--Paraspiriferina Reed 1944BJ65 [ParaspiriferinidaeHB93]
| |--*P. ghundiensis (Reed 1944) [=Spiriferina (*Paraspiriferina) ghundiensis]BJ65
| |--P. amoena Cooper & Grant 1976HB93
| `--P. setulosa Cooper & Grant 1976HB93
`--Yangkongia [Yangkongidae]HB93
|--Y. planofolda Xu & Liu 1983HB93
|--Y. qieermaensis Xu & Liu 1983HB93
`--Y. zhihemaensis Xu & Liu 1983HB93
Davidsonina Schuchert & LeVene 1929 [=Cyrtinopsis Frederiks 1916 non Scupin 1896, Davidsonella Frederiks 1926 nec Munier-Chalmas 1881 nec Waagen 1885]BJ65
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[BJ65] Boucot, A. J., J. G. Johnson, C. W. Pitrat & R. D. Staton. 1965. Spiriferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt H. Brachiopoda vol. 2 pp. H632–H728. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas Press: Lawrence (Kansas).
[CSZ03] Chen, Z.-Q., G. R. Shi & L.-P. Zhan. 2003. Early Carboniferous athyridid brachiopods from the Qaidam Basin, northwest China. Journal of Paleontology 77: 844–862.
[E89] Etheridge, R., Jr. 1889. Remarks on fossils of Permo-Carboniferous age, from north-western Australia, in the Macleay Museum. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 4 (2): 199–214, pl. 17.
[F81] Farsan, N. M. 1981. Middle Devonian (Givetian) tentaculites from west Afghanistan. Palaeontographica Abteilung A: Paläozoologie—Stratigraphie 175: 89–105.
[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.
[HB93] Harper, D. A. T., C. H. C. Brunton, L. R. M. Cocks, P. Copper, E. N. Doyle, A. L. Jeffrey, E. F. Owen, M. A. Parkes, L. E. Popov & C. D. Prosser. 1993. Brachiopoda. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 427–462. Chapman & Hall: London.
[MB12] Mistiaen, B., D. Brice, M. K. Zapalski & C. Loones. 2012. Brachiopods and their auloporid epibionts in the Devonian of Boulonnais (France): comparison with other associations globally. In: Talent, J. A. (ed.) Earth and Life: Global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time pp. 159–188. Springer.
[NU83] Norris, A. W., & T. T. Uyeno. 1983. Biostratigraphy and paleontology of middle-upper Devonian boundary beds, Gypsum Cliffs area, northeastern Alberta. Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin 313: 1–65.
[WBM97] Williams, A., C. H. C. Brunton & D. I. MacKinnon. 1997. Morphology. In: Kaesler, R. L. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt H. Brachiopoda, Revised vol. 1. Introduction pp. 321–422. The Geological Society of America: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).
[WCB00] Williams, A., S. J. Carlson & C. H. C. Brunton. 2000. Brachiopod classification. In: Kaesler, R. L. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt H. Brachiopoda, Revised vol. 2. Linguliformea, Craniiformea, and Rhynchonelliformea (part) pp. 1–27. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).