Belongs within: Lamiales.
The Verbenaceae are a family of flowering plants that are most speciose in tropical areas. Some species are popular garden plants, such as Verbena officinalis (vervain) and Lantana camara, and have become established invasives outside their native ranges. Some taxa previously included in Verbenaceae are now placed in the Lamiaceae as members of the subfamilies Chloanthoideae and Ajugoideae.
Species of Newcastlia and Dicrastylis have indehiscent fruits (Black & Robertson 1965); Verbena, Phyla, Aloysia and Lantana have dry fruits dehiscing into two or four nutlets (Hickman 1993). Lantana and Aloysia are strong-smelling perennials or shrubs whereas Phyla and Verbena are commonly herbaceous. Phyla are generally mat-like and produce flowers with a two- to four-toothed calyx and a more or less two-lipped corolla. Verbena species vary from annuals to shrubs and their flowers have a five-toothed calyx and a corolla varying from more or less radial to bilateral and two-lipped (Hickman 1993). Duranta is a genus of shrubs found in the American tropics, as well as elsewhere as an ornamental or invasive, bearing fleshy, dehiscing fruits and pedicellate flowers.
Characters (from Black & Robertson 1965): Herbs, trees or shrubs; leaves without stipules, opposite, alternate or whorled. Flowers usually sessile or subsessile, bisexual, irregular or almost regular; calyx with 4 or 5, rarely 6, lobes or teeth, persistent; corolla with cylindrical tube and limb (rarely two-lipped) of 4-6 imbricate lobes; stamens inserted in corolla tube, 4 in pairs or 4-6 alternate with lobes; anthers 2-celled, cells usually parallel; ovary superior, originally of two carpels, entire or shortly four-lobed, often seated on small disk, usually four-celled by intrusion of two secondary dissepiments, with one ovule in each cell; placentas axile; style rising from summit of ovary, usually more or less two-lobed; fruit dry or drupaceous, generally enclosed in calyx, indehiscent or separating septicidally into two or four nutlets or fruitlets; seeds one in each cell, or fewer by abortion; albumen scanty or absent; embryo straight, with an inferior radicle shorter than the thick cotyledons.
<==Verbenaceae [Verbenoideae] |--Chascanum marrubifoliumPP07 |--Premnophyllum trigonum Velenovsky 1884CBH93 |--‘Vermicularia’ Moench 1802 nec Tode 1790 nec Lamarck 1799 (ICZN)KC01 |--Peronema canescensS77 |--GeunsiaT-W89 |--Petitia Jacq. 1760L95 | `--P. domingensis Jacq. 1760 [incl. P. poeppigii Schauer in DC. 1847]L95 |--Tamonea Aublet 1775L95 | `--T. boxiana (Mold.) Howard 1988 [=Ghinia boxiana Mold. 1942]L95 |--Bouchea Cham. 1831 (nom. cons.)L95 | |--B. marrubiifolia [incl. Lafuenta ovalifolia Batt. & Trab. 1906]D17 | `--B. prismatica (L.) Ktze. 1891 [=Verbena prismatica L. 1753; incl. B. ehrenbergii Cham. 1832]L95 |--Aegiphila Jacq. 1767L95 | |--A. elata Sw. 1788L95 | `--A. martinicensis Jacq. 1767L95 |--PhylaB00 | |--P. canescensB00 [=Lippia nodiflora var. canescensBR65, H93] | `--P. lanceolata [=Lippia lanceolata]H93 |--Priva Adanson 1763L95 | |--P. lappulacea (L.) Pers. 1807 [=Verbena lappulacea L. 1753; incl. P. echinata Juss. 1806]L95 | `--P. portoricensis Urban 1911L95 |--Cornutia L. 1753L95 | |--C. grandifoliaMM96 | |--C. obovata Urban 1899L95 | `--C. pyramidata L. 1753L95 |--AloysiaH93 | |--A. gratissimaOB11 | |--A. triphylla (L’Hér.) Britton 1925 (see below for synonymy)L95 | `--A. wrightii [=Lippia wrightii (nom. inv.)]H93 |--Teucridium Hooker 1854A61 | `--T. parvifolium Hooker 1854A61 | |--T. p. var. parvifoliumA61 | `--T. p. var. luxurians Cheeseman 1925A61 |--Gmelina L. 1753L95 | |--G. arborea Roxb. 1832L95 | |--G. asiatica L. 1753L95 [incl. Bignonia discolor Rich. 1834 non Br. 1814S77, B. moluccana DC. 1845S77] | `--G. leichhardtiiPWP96 |--Citharexylum L. 1753L95 | |--C. caudatum L. 1763 [incl. C. berterii Spreng. in L. 1825, C. lucidum Cham. 1830, C. surrectum Griseb. 1861]L95 | |--C. flexuosumOA02 | |--C. fruticosum L. 1759 (see below for synonymy)L95 | |--C. myrianthumMP00 | `--C. spinosum L. 1753L95 [incl. Hadongia eberhardtii Gagn. 1950S77, C. quadrangulare Jacq. 1760L95] |--NewcastliaBR65 | |--N. bracteosaBR65 | |--N. cephalanthaBR65 | |--N. chrysotrichaBR65 | |--N. dixoniiBR65 | `--N. spodiotrichaBR65 |--Callicarpa L. 1753L95 | |--C. ampla Schauer in DC. 1847L95 | |--C. candicansLK14 | |--C. dichotomaOP01 | |--C. longifoliaT-W89 | |--C. selleanaJ87 | `--C. tomentosaH72 |--Duranta L. 1753L95 | |--D. aridaJS87 | | |--D. a. ssp. aridaJS87 | | `--D. s. ssp. serpentina Sanders & Judd in Judd & Sanders 1986JS87 | |--D. armataOA02 | `--D. erecta L. 1753 [incl. D. ellisia Jacq. 1760, D. plumieri Jacq. 1763, D. repens L. 1753]L95 | |--D. e. var. erectaPWP96 | `--D. ‘repens’ var. lorentziiPWP96 |--Stachytarpheta Vahl 1804L95 | |--S. cayennensis (Rich.) Vahl 1804 (see below for synonymy)L95 | |--S. dichotomaOP01 | |--S. × hybrida [S. jamaicensis × S. strigosa]L95 | |--S. indicaB28 | |--S. jamaicensis (L.) Vahl 1804 (see below for synonymy)L95 | |--S. mutabilisT-W89 | |--S. strigosa Vahl 1804 (see below for synonymy)L95 | `--S. urticifolia (Salisb.) Sims 1816 [=Cymburus urticaefolius Salisb. 1805]L95 |--Lippia L. 1753L95 | |--L. alba (Mill.) Br. in Britt. & Wils. 1925 (see below for synonymy)L95 | |--L. asperifoliaC55 | |--L. dulcis Trev. 1826 (see below for synonymy)L95 | |--L. hypoleiaBT87 | |--L. javanicaP03 | |--L. lycioidesC55 | |--L. micromera Schauer in DC. 1847L95 | | |--L. m. var. micromeraL95 | | `--L. m. var. helleri (Britton) Mold. 1937 [=L. helleri Britton 1903]L95 | |--L. myrocephalaPWP96 | |--L. nodiflora (L.) Michx. 1803L95 (see below for synonymy) | | |--L. n. var. nodifloraH93 (see below for synonymy) | | `--‘Phyla’ n. var. incisa [=Lippia incisa]H93 | |--L. stoechadifolia (L.) Kunth 1818 [=Verbena stoechadifolia L. 1753, Phyla stoechadifolia (L.) Small 1909]L95 | |--L. strigulosa Martens & Gal. 1844 [=Phyla strigulosa (Martens & Gal.) Mold. 1947]L95 | `--L. umbellataBT87 |--Lantana L. 1753L95 | |--L. camara L. 1753L95 | | |--L. c. var. camara [incl. L. scabrida Soland. in Ait. 1789]L95 | | `--L. c. var. aculeata (L.) Moldenke 1934 [=L. aculeata L. 1753]L95 | |--L. exarata Urb. & Ekm. 1929L95 | |--L. fucataL95 | | |--L. f. var. fucataL95 | | `--L. f. var. antillanaL95 | |--L. glandulosissima Hayek 1906L95 | |--L. hispidaPWP96 | |--L. indicaSS72 | |--L. involucrata L. 1756 [incl. L. odorata L. 1767, L. involucrata var. odorata (L.) Mold. 1941]L95 | |--L. montevidensis (Spreng.) Briq. 1899 (see below for synonymy)L95 | |--L. reticulata Pers. 1806L95 | |--L. strigosa (Griseb.) Urban 1912 [=L. reticulata var. strigosa Griseb. 1866]L95 | |--L. trifolia L. 1753L95 | `--L. urticifolia Miller 1768L95 | |--L. u. ssp. urticifolia [incl. L. arida Britton 1910]L95 | `--L. u. ssp. moldenkei Sanders 1989L95 |--Verbena L. 1753L95 | |--V. bonariensis L. 1753L95 | |--V. bracteataOP01 | |--V. californicaH93 | |--V. carolinaPWP96 | |--V. domingensisJ87 | |--V. gooddingiiH93 | |--V. hastata [incl. V. hastata var. scabra]H93 | |--V. lasiostachysH93 | | |--V. l. var. lasiostachysH93 | | `--V. l. var. scabridaH93 | |--V. litoralis [incl. V. brasiliensis]H93 | |--V. macdougaliC01 | |--V. macrostachyaPWP96 | |--V. menthifoliaH93 | |--V. officinalisBR65 | |--V. rigida [incl. V. venosa]BR65 | |--V. scabra Vahl 1798L95 | |--V. scabrido-glandulosaLC02 | |--V. supinaBR65 | |--V. tenuisecta Briq. 1899L95 [incl. V. teneraH93] | `--V. urticifoliaJ87 `--Clerodendrum L. 1753L95 |--C. aculeatum (L.) Schlecht. 1831 [=Volkameria aculeata L. 1753, Ovieda aculeata (L.) Baillon 1892]L95 |--C. bungei Steud. 1840L95 |--C. chinense (Osbeck) Mabberley 1990L95 |--C. colebrookeanumD07 |--C. costatumB00 |--C. cunninghamiiPWP96 |--C. floribundumB00 | |--C. f. var. floribundumLK14 | |--C. f. var. coriaceumLK14 | `--C. f. var. ovatumLK14 |--C. hastatumBB07 |--C. indicumBB07 |--C. inermeB00 |--C. japonicumSS72 |--C. lanuginosum Bl. 1825 [incl. Bignonia comosa Roxb. 1814, Spathodea comosa Don 1838]S77 |--C. philippinum Shauer in DC. 1847 (see below for synonymy)L95 |--C. phlomoidesPP07 |--C. serratumBB07 |--C. siphonanthusRA07 |--C. speciosissimum Van Geert ex Morren 1836L95 |--C. × speciosum Dombray 1869 [=C. umbellatum var. speciosum (Domb.) Mold. 1937]L95 |--C. thomsoniae Balfour 1862L95 |--C. tomentosumLK14 | |--C. t. var. tomentosumLK14 | `--C. t. var. lanceolatumLK14 |--C. trichotomumM01 |--C. ugandenseMHG04 |--C. velutinumT-W89 |--C. viscosumHU08 `--C. wallichii Merr. 1952 [incl. C. nutans Wall. ex Don 1825 non Jack 1820]L95
Aloysia triphylla (L’Hér.) Britton 1925 [=Verbena triphylla L’Hér. 1784, Lippia triphylla (L’Hér.) Kuntze 1898; incl. Zapania citriodora Lam. 1791, Aloysia citriodora (Lam.) Ortega ex Pers. 1807, Lippia citriodora (Lam.) HBK. 1817]L95
Citharexylum fruticosum L. 1759 [incl. C. bahamense Millsp. 1905, C. cinereum L. 1763, C. pentandrum Vent. 1800, C. subserratum Sw. 1788, C. villosum Jacq. 1786, C. fruticosum villosum (Jacq.) Schulz in Urb. 1900]L95
Clerodendrum philippinum Shauer in DC. 1847 [incl. Volkameria fragrans Vent. 1804, C. fragrans (Vent.) Willd. 1809 (nom. illeg.), Ovieda fragrans (Willd.) Hitchc. 1902]L95
Lantana montevidensis (Spreng.) Briq. 1899 [=Lippia montevidensis Spreng. 1825; incl. La. sellowiana Link & Otto 1827]L95
Lippia alba (Mill.) Br. in Britt. & Wils. 1925 [=Lantana alba Mill. 1768; incl. Li. geminata HBK. 1818, Zapania lantanoides Lam. 1791, Li. geminata microphylla Griseb. 1861]L95
Lippia dulcis Trev. 1826 [=Phyla dulcis (Trev.) Mold. 1934; incl. Zapania scaberrima Juss. ex Pers. 1807 non Lippia scaberrima Sond. 1850, P. scaberrima (Juss.) Mold. 1936]L95
Lippia nodiflora (L.) Michx. 1803L95 [=Verbena nodiflora L. 1753L95, Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene 1899L95, Zapania nodifloraC55]
Lippia nodiflora var. nodifloraH93 [incl. L. reptans HBK. 1815L95, L. nodiflora var. reptansH93, L. nodiflora var. roseaH93]
Stachytarpheta cayennensis (Rich.) Vahl 1804 [=Verbena cayennensis Rich. 1792, Valerianodes cayennense (Rich.) Kuntze 1891]L95
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl 1804 [=Verbena jamaicensis L. 1753, Abena jamaicensis (L.) Hitchc. 1893, Valerianodes jamaicensis (L.) Kuntze 1891]L95
Stachytarpheta strigosa Vahl 1804 [=Valerianodes jamaicense f. strigosum (Vahl) Kuntze 1891, Valerianoides strigosum (Vahl) Britt. in Britt. & Wils. 1925]L95
*Type species of generic name indicated
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