Belongs within: Pecora.
Contains: Bovini, Tragelaphini, Cephalophini, Antilopini, Reduncini, Hippotragini, Alcephalinae, Caprinae.
The Bovidae, antelopes, are a group of artiodactyls that typically possess true horns, with keratinised sheath over a bony core.
Characters (Gentry 1978): Horns consisting of hollow keratinised sheath fitting over bony core; neither sheath nor core branched or seasonally shed; horns may be present in both sexes or in males only. Upper incisors and canines absent; upper and lower first premolars absent; cheek teeth selenodont, frequently hypsodont. Third and fourth metapodials fused to form cannon bones in front and back legs, lateral and medial metapodials reduced.
<==Bovidae [Aegodontia, Boodontia, Bovoidea]
|--Namacerus gariepensis Morales et al. 2003HS23, B14
|--Eotragus Pilgrim 1939HS23, SM93
| |--E. artenensis Ginsburg & Heintz 1968B14
| |--E. noyei Solounias et al. 1995B14
| `--E. sansaniensis (Filhol 1870)G78, MSP99 [=Strogulognathus sansaniensisG78]
`--+--Bovinae [Boselaphini]G78
| | i. s.: ParabosG78
| | |--P. boodonG78
| | `--P. cordieri [=Hippotragus cordieri]G78
| | Selenoportax vexillarius Pilgrim 1937G78
| | TragoportaxG78
| | PachyportaxG78
| | MiotragocerusG78
| | Sivoreas eremitaG78
| | Mesembriportax acrae Gentry 1974G78
| | Protragocerus Deperet 1887G78, SM93
| | |--P. glutenG78
| | `--P. labidotus Gentry 1970G78
| |--+--Boselaphus tragocamelusFS15
| | `--Tetracerus quadricornisFS15
| `--+--BoviniFS15
| `--TragelaphiniFS15
`--Antilopinae [Neotragini, Saigini]B14
|--+--Aepyceros [Aepycerotinae, Aepycerotini]FS15
| | `--A. melampusFS15
| | |--A. m. melampusM84
| | `--A. m. petersiM84
| `--NeotraginiB14
| |--Palaeotragiscus longiceps Broom 1934G78
| |--Nesotragus moschatusFS15 [=Neotragus moschatusO84]
| `--NeotragusFS15
| |--N. batesiFS15
| `--N. pygmaeusFS15
`--+--CephalophiniFS15
`--+--AntilopiniFS15
`--+--+--OreotragusFS15
| | |--O. major Wells 1951G78
| | `--O. oreotragusFS15
| | |--O. o. oreotragusM71
| | `--O. o. saltatrixoidesM71
| `--+--Pelea capreolusFS15
| `--RedunciniFS15
`--+--+--HippotraginiFS15
| `--AlcephalinaeFS15
`--+--CaprinaeFS15
`--PantholopsFS15
|--P. hodgsoniiFS15
`--P. hundesiensisRH05
Bovidae incertae sedis:
Gobiocerus mongolicus Sokolov 1952G78
Palaeohypsodontus Trofimov 1957SM93
`--P. asiaticus Trofimov 1958G78
Namibiomeryx senuti Morales et al. 1995MSP99
Gidleya Cossman 1907S35
CatoblepasH04
|--C. gnuH04
`--C. gorgonD42
Hanhaicerus Huang 1985SM93
Sinopalaeoceros Chen 1988SM93
‘Deperetia’ Schaub 1923 non Teppner 1921G00
BubalisR13
|--B. lelwelR13
|--B. majorR13
`--B. toraR13
|--B. t. toraR13
|--B. t. digglei Rothschild 1913R13
|--B. t. noackiR13
|--B. t. rahatensisR13
`--B. t. swayneiR13
Limnotragus spekeiM71
Inorganic: Boselaphus tragocamelus protominilorientalus Okamura 1987O87
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[B14] Bärmann, E. V. 2014. The evolution of body size, horn shape and social behaviour in crown Antilopini—an ancestral character state analysis. Zitteliana B 32: 185–196.
[D42] Derby, Earl of. 1842. Notice of a valuable collection of quadrupeds and birds. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 10: 196.
[FS15] Faurby, S., & J.-C. Svenning. 2015. A species-level phylogeny of all extant and late Quaternary extinct mammals using a novel heuristic-hierarchical Bayesian approach. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 14–26.
[G78] Gentry, A. W. 1978. Bovidae. In: Maglio, V. J., & H. B. S. Cooke (eds) Evolution of African Mammals pp. 540–572. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).
[G00] Grubb, P. 2000. Valid and invalid nomenclature of living and fossil deer, Cervidae. Acta Theriologica 45 (3): 289–307.
[H04] Haeckel, E. 1899–1904. Kunstformen der Natur. Bibliographisches Institut: Leipzig und Wien.
[HS23] Hou, S., Q. Shi, M. J. Benton & N. Solounias. 2023. Comment on “Sexual selection promotes giraffoid head-neck evolution and ecological adaptation”. Science 379: eadd9559.
[M71] Menchinelli, R. 1971. Proboscidati, perissodattili ed artiodattili del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale “Giacomo Doria” 78: 189–216.
[MSP99] Morales, J., D. Soria & M. Pickford. 1999. New stem giraffoid ruminants from the early and middle Miocene of Namibia. Geodiversitas 21 (2): 229–253.
[M84] Murray, M. G. 1984. Grazing antelopes. In: Macdonald, D., (ed.) All the World’s Animals: Hoofed Mammals pp. 120–131. Torstar Books: New York.
[O87] Okamura, C. 1987. New facts: Homo and all Vertebrata were born simultaneously in the former Paleozoic in Japan. Original Report of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory 15: 347–573.
[O84] O’Regan, B. P. 1984. Gazelles and dwarf antelopes. In: Macdonald, D. (ed.) All the World’s Animals: Hoofed Mammals pp. 134–141. Torstar Books: New York.
[R13] Rothschild, W. 1913. Descriptions of some new forms of antelope, with notes. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 8, 12: 574–576.
[RH05] Ruan, X.-D., P.-J. He, J.-L. Zhang, Q.-H. Wan & S.-G. Fang. 2005. Evolutionary history and current population relationships of the chiru (Pantholops hodgsonii) inferred from mtDNA variation. Journal of Mammalogy 86 (5): 881–886.
[S35] Simpson, G. G. 1935. New Paleocene mammals from the Fort Union of Montana. Proceedings of the United States National Museum 83 (2981): 221–244.
[SM93] Stucky, R. K., & M. C. McKenna. 1993. Mammalia. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 739–771. Chapman & Hall: London.