Belongs within: Sar.
Contains: Endomyxa, Monadofilosa.
The Cercozoa are a diverse clade of micro-organisms including biciliated and/or amoeboid forms, often with filopodia. Members have kinetosomes connecting to the nucleus with the cytoskeleton, and usually have tubular mitochondrial cristae (Adl et al. 2019).
<==Cercozoa (see below for synonymy)
|--+--+--AquavolonidaIT19
| | | |--Aquavolon Tikhonenkov, Mylnikov & Bass 2018AB19
| | | `--Lapot Irwin, Tikhonenkov et al. 2019IT19
| | | `--*L. gusevi Irwin, Tikhonenkov et al. 2019IT19
| | `--Tremula Howe et al. 2012AS12 [Skiomonadea, TremulidaIT19]
| | `--T. longifilaDO17
| `--EndomyxaIT19
`--+--+--+--Minimassisteria divaDO17
| | `--Nanofila marinaDO17
| `--+--+--Limnofila borokoensisDO17
| | `--MonadofilosaDO17
| `--+--MesofilaDO17
| |--GymnosphaeridaC-SC03a
| | |--Actinocoryne contractilisAS12, M00
| | |--HedraiophrysAS12
| | `--WagnerellaAB19
| `--Clathrulinidae [Desmothoraca, Desmothoracida]AS12
| |--ServetiaAS12
| |--ActinosphaeridiumAB19
| |--CienkowskyaAB19 [incl. MonomastigocystisP99]
| |--PenardiophrysAB19
| |--ClathrulinaDO17 [incl. ElasterP99]
| | `--C. elegans Cienk. 1867W86
| `--HedriocystisAS12
| |--H. pellucidaM00
| |--H. reticulataDO17
| `--H. spiniferaNB04
`--+--+--Micrometopion nutansDO17
| `--Massisteria Patterson & Fenchel 1990DO17, C-S93 [Massisteriidae]
| `--M. marinaDO17
`--Chlorarachnea [Reticulofilosa]C-S18
|--Minorisa Del Campo in Del Campo et al. 2013 [Minorisida, Minorisidae]C-S18
| `--M. minutaDO17
`--Chlorarachnida [Chlorarachniophyta]C-S18
| i. s.: CryptochloraAS12
| ViridiuvalisC-S18
| ‘Pedinomonas’ minutissimaMS95
|--Gymnochlora stellataPB04
`--+--+--Partenskyella glossopodiaIT19
| `--Amorphochlora amoebiformisIT19
`--+--LotharellaDO17
| |--L. amoebiformisBM05
| |--L. globosaBM05
| |--L. oceanicaIT19
| `--L. vacuolataPB04
`--+--+--BigelowiellaDO17
| | |--B. longifilaIT19
| | `--B. natans Moestrup & Sengco 2001AS12
| `--Norrisiella sphaericaIT19
`--ChlorarachnionDO17
|--C. globosum Ishida & Hara 1994C-SC03b
`--C. reptansDO17
Cercozoa incertae sedis:
Pseudosporidae [Pseudosporida]C-SC03b
|--Pseudospora Cienkowski 1865C-S93
|--Protomonas Cienk. 1865G00, KC01
|--Pseudosporopsis Scherff. 1925G00, KC01
`--BarbetiaG00
Tetradimorpha Hsiung 1927C-S18, M00 [Exonucleoaxoplathelina, Tetradimorphyidae]
|--*T. radiata Hsiung 1927M00
|--T. pterbica Mikrjukov & Patterson in Mikrjukov 2000M00
`--T. tetramastix (Penard 1921) [=Dimorpha tetramastix]M00
DictiomyxaAB19
MyxodictyiumAB19
Pontomyxa Topsent 1892AB19, KC01
Protomyxa Haeckel 1870AB19, KC01
|--P. aurantiacaG89
`--P. pallida Gruber 1889G89
ProtogenesAB19
RhizoplasmaAB19
Apogromia De Saedeleer 1934AB19, LT64
`--*A. mucicola (Archer 1877) [=Microgromia mucicola, Mikrogromia mucicola]LT64
Kibisidytes Jepps 1934AB19, LT64
`--*K. marinus Jepps 1934LT64
Microcometes Cienkowski 1876AB19, LT64 [Microcometides]
`--*M. paludosa Cienkowski 1876LT64
BelariinaeM13
|--Belaria De Saedeleer 1934AB19, LT64
| `--*B. bicorpor De Saedeleer 1934LT64
`--Cystophrys Archer 1869M13, LT64 [incl. Mikrogromia Hertwig 1874LT64, Microgromia Archer 1876LT64]
|--*C. haeckeliana Archer 1869 (see below for synonymy)LT64
`--C. oculea Archer 1869LT64
Paralieberkuehnia De Saedeleer 1934AB19, LT64
`--*P. elegantula (Penard 1904) [=Microgromia elegantula]LT64
Cercozoa [Affilosia, Amphistomata, Cercomonadea, Filosa, Filosia, Granofilosea, Gromida, Imperforata, Monostomata, Proteomyxidea, Sarcomonada, Solenopoda, Testaceafilosa, Testaceafilosia, Testafilosina]
*Cystophrys haeckeliana Archer 1869 [incl. Gromia socialis Archer 1869, *Microgromia socialis, *Mikrogromia socialis]LT64
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[AB19] Adl, S. M., D. Bass, C. E. Lane, J. Lukeš, C. L. Schoch, A. Smirnov, S. Agatha, C. Berney, M. W. Brown, F. Burki, P. Cárdenas, I. Čepička, L. Chistyakova, J. del Campo, M. Dunthorn, B. Edvardsen, Y. Eglit, L. Guillou, V. Hampl, A. A. Heiss, M. Hoppenrath, T. Y. James, A. Karnkowska, S. Karpov, E. Kim, M. Kolisko, A. Kudryavtsev, D. J. G. Lahr, E. Lara, L. Le Gall, D. H. Lynn, D. G. Mann, R. Massana, E. A. D. Mitchell, C. Morrow, J. S. Park, J. W. Pawlowski, M. J. Powell, D. J. Richter, S. Rueckert, L. Shadwick, S. Shimano, F. W. Spiegel, G. Torruella, N. Youssef, V. Zlatogursky & Q. Zhang. 2019. Revisions to the classification, nomenclature, and diversity of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 66: 4–119.
[AS12] Adl, S. M., A. G. B. Simpson, C. E. Lane, J. Lukeš, D. Bass, S. S. Bowser, M. W. Brown, F. Burki, M. Dunthorn, V. Hampl, A. Heiss, M. Hoppenrath, E. Lara, E. Le Gall, D. H. Lynn, H. McManus, E. A. D. Mitchell, S. E. Mozley-Stanridge, L. W. Parfrey, J. Pawlowski, S. Rueckert, L. Shadwick, C. L. Schoch, A. Smirnov & F. W. Spiegel. 2012. The revised classification of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 59 (5): 429–493.
[BM05] Bass, D., D. Moreira, P. López-García, S. Polet, E. E. Chao, S. von der Heyden, J. Pawlowski & T. Cavalier-Smith. 2005. Polyubiquitin insertions and the phylogeny of Cercozoa and Rhizaria. Protist 156: 149–161.
[C-S93] Cavalier-Smith, T. 1993. The protozoan phylum Opalozoa. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 40 (5): 609–615.
[C-S18] Cavalier-Smith, T. 2018. Kingdom Chromista and its eight phyla: a new synthesis emphasising periplastid protein targeting, cytoskeletal and periplastid evolution, and ancient divergences. Protoplasma 255: 297–357.
[C-SC03a] Cavalier-Smith, T., & E. E.-Y. Chao. 2003a. Molecular phylogeny of centrohelid heliozoa, a novel lineage of bikont eukaryotes that arose by ciliary loss. Journal of Molecular Evolution 56: 387–396.
[C-SC03b] Cavalier-Smith, T., & E. E.-Y. Chao. 2003b. Phylogeny and classification of phylum Cercozoa. Protist 154: 341–358.
[DO17] Dumack, K., H. Öztoprak, L. Rüger & M. Bonkowski. 2017. Shedding light on the polyphyletic thecate amoeba genus Plagiophrys: transition of some of its species to Rhizaspis (Tectofilosida, Thecofilosea, Cercozoa) and the establishment of Sacciforma gen. nov. and Rhogostomidae fam. nov. (Cryomonadida, Thecofilosea, Cercozoa). Protist 168: 92–108.
[G00] Gromov, B. V. 2000. Algal parasites of the genera Aphelidium, Amoeboaphelidium, and Pseudaphelidium from Cienkovski’s “Monadinea” group as representatives of a new class. Zoologicheskii Zhurnal 79 (5): 517–525 (translated: Entomological Review 80 (Suppl. 1): S26–S34).
[G89] Gruber, A. 1889. Ueber einige Rhizopoden aus dem Genueser Hafen. Berichte der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu Freiburg I. B. 4: 33–44, pl. 1.
[IT19] Irwin, N. A. T., D. V. Tikhonenkov, E. Hehenberger, A. P. Mylnikov, F. Burki & P. J. Keeling. 2019. Phylogenomics supports the monophyly of the Cercozoa. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 130: 416–423.
[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi 9th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).
[LT64] Loeblich, A. R., Jr & H. Tappan. 1964. Sarcodina: chiefly “thecamoebians” and Foraminiferida. In: Moore, R. C. (ed.) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt C. Protista 2 vol. 1. The Geological Society of America and The University of Kansas Press.
[MS95] Melkonian, M., & B. Surek. 1995. Phylogeny of the Chlorophyta: congruence between ultrastructural and molecular evidence. Bulletin de la Société Zoologique de France 120 (2): 191–208.
[M13] Mikhalevich, V. I. 2013. New insight into the systematics and evolution of the Foraminifera. Micropaleontology 59 (6): 493–527.
[M00] Mikrjukov, K. A. 2000. Taxonomy and phylogeny of Heliozoa. II. The order Dimorphida Siemensma, 1991 (Cercomonadea classis n.): diversity and relatedness with cercomonads. Acta Protozoologica 39: 99–115.
[NB04] Nikolaev, S. I., C. Berney, J. F. Fahrni, I. Bolivar, S. Polet, A. P. Mylnikov, V. V. Aleshin, N. B. Petrov & J. Pawlowski. 2004. The twilight of Heliozoa and rise of Rhizaria, an emerging supergroup of amoeboid eukaryotes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 101 (21): 8066–8071.
[P99] Patterson, D. J. 1999. The diversity of eukaryotes. American Naturalist 154 (Suppl.): S96–S124.
[W86] Whitelegge, T. 1886. List of the freshwater Rhizopoda of N. S. Wales. Part I. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 1 (2): 497–504.