Charaxinae

Belongs within: Nymphalidae.

The Charaxinae are a group of fast-flying butterflies with thick bodies and sharp wings that live in the canopy of trees (Wahlberg et al. 2003). Species have vein 3A in the fore wing not free at the base, and the hind wing has the cell open or closed by a slender tubular vein. Larvae mostly lack noticeable hairs or spines and usually bear two pairs of prominent tapering horns on the head. Pupae are smooth, stout and rounded, and suspended head downwards by the cremaster (Braby 2000b).

<==Charaxinae
    |--EuxanthiniWWN03
    |--ProthoiniWWN03
    |--PalliniWWN03
    |--AnaeaS55 [AnaeiniWWN03]
    |    |--A. ates (Druce 1877)S55
    |    |--A. glauce (Felder 1862)S55
    |    |--A. lineata (Salvin 1869)S55
    |    |--A. onophis (Felder 1861)S55
    |    |--A. perenna Godman & Salvin 1884FS54
    |    |--A. xenocles (Westwood 1850)S55
    |    `--A. xenocrates (Westwood 1850)S55
    |--PreponiniWWN03
    |    |--Archeoprepona demophonWWN03
    |    `--PreponaS55
    |         |--P. demophon (Linnaeus 1764)S55
    |         |--P. laertes (Hübner 1806)S55
    |         |--P. meanderS55
    |         |    |--P. m. meanderS55
    |         |    `--P. m. magos Fruhstorfer 1916S55
    |         `--P. omphaleS55
    |              |--P. o. omphaleS55
    |              `--P. o. amesia Fruhstorfer 1904S55
    `--Charaxes Ochsenheimer 1816B00 [CharaxiniWWN03]
         |--C. affinisB66
         |--C. andaraO90
         |--C. argynnidesB66
         |--C. brutusB01a
         |--C. castorWWN03
         |--C. cithaeronB01b
         |--C. euryalusB66
         |--C. fabius [incl. Papilio euphanes Esper 1801]B66
         |--C. galaxiaB66
         |--C. horatiusB66
         |--C. jahlusaB66
         |--C. jasiusAN-A04
         |--C. latona Butler 1865B00
         |    |--C. l. latonaB00
         |    `--C. l. meridionalisB00
         |--C. manicaB01a
         |--C. neanthesB01a
         |--C. pleione (Godart 1819) [=Nymphalis pleione, Paphia pleione]B66
         |--C. polluxB01b
         |--C. pyrrhusB66
         |--C. rosaeB01a
         |--C. sempronius (Fabricius 1793)B12
         `--C. varanesB01a

Charaxinae incertae sedis:
  Polyura Billberg 1820B00
    |--P. andrewsi (Butler 1900)B00 [=Charaxes andrewsiJG19, Eriboea pyrrhus andrewsiJG19, Hypolimnas andrewsiJG19]
    |--P. caphontisPP02
    |--P. eudamippusI92
    |    |--P. e. eudamippusI92
    |    `--P. e. weismanni (Fritze 1894)I92
    |--P. jupiter (Butler 1869)B00
    |--P. pyrrhusB00
    |--P. sacco Smart 1977Z21
    `--P. sempronius (Fabricius 1793) [=P. pyrrhus sempronius]B00
         |--P. s. semproniusB00
         `--P. s. tiberiusB00
  Agrias beatificaGE05

*Type species of generic name indicated

References

[AN-A04] Askew, R. R. & J. L. Nieves-Aldrey. 2004. Further observations on Eupelminae (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea, Eupelmidae) in the Iberian Peninsula and Canary Islands, including descriptions of new species. Graellsia 60 (1): 27–39.

[B00] Braby, M. F. 2000. Butterflies of Australia: their identification, biology and distribution vol. 2. CSIRO Publishing: Collingwood (Victoria).

[B12] Braby, M. F. 2012. The butterflies of El Questro Wilderness Park, with remarks on the taxonomy of the Kimberley fauna, Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum 27 (2): 161–175.

[B66] Butler, A. G. 1866. Corrections and addenda to certain papers on Lepidoptera published during the years 1865–66; with additional notes on some of the species described. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 1866: 451–458.

[B01a] Butler, A. G. 1901a. An account of a collection of butterflies made by the Rev. K. St. Aubyn Rogers between Mombasa and the forests of Taveta. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 22–35.

[B01b] Butler, A. G. 1901b. An account of a collection of butterflies obtained by Lord Delamere, chiefly at Munisu, near Mount Kenya. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, series 7, 7: 197–203.

[FS54] Franz, E., & H. Schröder. 1954. Tagfalter (Lep. Rhopalocera) aus El Salvador. Senckenbergiana Biologica 35: 75–87.

[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.

[I92] Iwahashi, J. (ed.) 1992. Reddo Deeta Animaruzu: a pictorial of Japanese fauna facing extinction. JICC: Tokyo.

[JG19] James, D. J., P. T. Green, W. F. Humphreys & J. C. Z. Woinarski. 2019. Endemic species of Christmas Island, Indian Ocean. Records of the Western Australian Museum 34 (2): 55–114.

[O90] Oberthür, C. 1890. Note suivante. Annales de la Société Entomologique de France, 6^e série 9: ccxli–ccxlii.

[PP02] Patrick, B., & H. Patrick. 2002. Butterflies of Fiji. Weta 24: 5–12.

[S55] Schröder, H. 1955. Eine Falter-Ausbeute aus dem westlichen Bolivien. (Ins. Lepid. Rhopal.) Senckenbergiana Biologica 36: 329–338.

[WWN03] Wahlberg, N., E. Weingartner & S. Nylin. 2003. Towards a better understanding of the higher systematics of Nymphalidae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 28: 473–484.

[Z21] Zilli, A. 2021. Tabwecala robinsoni gen. nov., sp. nov., from Vanuatu and its systematic postion in the ‘Ophiusini-Poaphilini’ clade (Lepidoptera, Erebidae). Nota Lepidopterologica 44: 193–211.