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Belongs within: Pseudoscorpiones.
Contains: Tyrannochthoniini, Austrochthonius.
The Chthoniidae are a group of pseudoscorpions characterised by differing number of segments in the anterior and posterior pairs of legs (five post-coxal segments in legs I and II vs six in legs III and IV) (Muchmore 1990). Three families have been recognised within the superfamily Chthonioidea—Chthoniidae, Lechytiidae and Tridenchthoniidae—but molecular phylogenetic analysis indicates that the first is paraphyletic to the latter two (Murienne et al. 2008). Tridenchthoniidae have been distinguished by the presence of more than fifty setae on the carapace, and oblique spiracles placed on their own sclerites (Muchmore 1990).
<==Chthoniidae [Chthoniinea, Chthonioidea, Heterosphyronida]
|--PseudotyrannochthoniinaeMHG08
| |--Afrochthonius godfreyiMHG08
| `--+--Pseudotyrannochthonius Beier 1930MHG08, H81 [incl. Spelaeochthonius Morikawa 1954H81, Tubbichthonius Hoff 1951H81]
| | |--*P. silvestrii (Ellingsen 1905) [=Chthonius silvestrii]H81
| | |--P. australiensis Beier 1966H81
| | |--P. bornemisszai Beier 1966H81
| | |--P. giganteus Beier 1971H81
| | |--P. gigas Beier 1969H81
| | |--P. hamiltonsmithi Beier 1968H81
| | |--P. jonesi (Chamberlin 1962) [=Tubbichthonius jonesi]H81
| | |--P. queenslandicus Beier 1969H81
| | |--P. solitarius (Hoff 1951) [=Tubbichthonius solitarius]H81
| | |--P. tasmanicus Dartnall 1970H81
| | `--P. typhlus Dartnall 1970H81
| `--SelachochthoniusMHG08
`--ChthoniinaeMHG08
|--Chthonius Koch 1843MHG08, H09
| | i. s.: C. californicusS62
| | C. coecus Packard 1884HM06
| | C. mengei Beier 1937S93
| | C. tetrachelatusM90
| |--C. (Chthonius)J97
| | |--C. (C.) ischnocheles (Hermann 1804) (see below for synonymy)J97
| | `--C. (C.) tenuis Koch 1873J97
| |--C. (Ephippiochthonius) kewi Gabbutt 1966J97
| |--C. (Globochthonius) globifer Simon 1879J97
| `--C. (Microchthonius Hadži 1933)EH08
`--+--+--ApochthoniusMHG08
| `--KleptochthoniusMHG08
`--+--+--TyrannochthoniiniMHG08
| `--+--DrepanochthoniusMHG08
| `--AustrochthoniusMHG08
`--+--+--Sathrochthonius Chamberlin 1962MHG08, H81
| | |--*S. tuena Chamberlin 1962H81
| | |--S. crassidens Beier 1966H81
| | `--S. insulanusMHG08
| `--Lechytia Balzan 1892MHG08, EH08 [Lechytiidae, Lechytiini]
| |--L. chthoniiformis (Balzan 1887)M01
| |--L. hoffiMHG08
| |--L. natalensisM01
| |--L. sakagamiiM01
| |--L. tertiariaP92
| `--L. trinitatis Beier 1970J97
`--+--Tridenchthoniidae [Dithidae, Dithinae, Tridenchthoniinae]MHG08
| |--Anaulacodithella Beier 1944MHG08, H81 [incl. Xenoditha Chamberlin & Chamberlin 1945H81]
| | |--*A. mordax (Tullgren 1907) [=Chthonius mordax]H81
| | `--A. australica Beier 1969H81
| |--Verrucaditha spinosaM90
| |--TridenchthoniusM90
| |--Chelignathus kochii (Menge 1854)S93
| |--Cryptoditha elegans (Beier 1931)M01
| |--Pycnodithella abyssinica (Beier 1944) [=Verrucadithella abyssinica]J97
| `--Heterolophus Tomosvary 1884H81
| |--*H. guttiger Tomosvary 1884H81
| `--H. australicus Beier 1969H81
`--PseudochthoniusMHG08
|--P. biseriatus Mahnert 2001M01
|--P. brasiliensisM01
|--P. gracilimanus Mahnert 2001M01
|--P. heterodentatusM01
|--P. homodentatus Chamberlin 1929J97
|--P. insularisM01
|--P. orthodactylusM01
|--P. pulchellusM01
|--P. ricardoi Mahnert 2001M01
|--P. simoniM01
|--P. squamosusL88
|--P. strinatii Beier 1969M01
`--P. tuxeniM01
Chthoniidae incertae sedis:
ChiliochthoniusHM06
FrancochthoniusHM06
MalcolmochthoniusHM06
MexichthoniusHM06
TyrannochthoniellaHM06
CongochthoniusHM06
SathrochthoniellaHM06
AphrastochthoniusM90
KewochthoniusM90
|--K. amplus Schuster 1962S62
|--K. paludisS62
|--K. spingolus Schuster 1962S62
`--K. stanfordianus Chamberlin 1929S62
Anisoditha Chamberlin & Chamberlin 1945EH08
Chthonius (Chthonius) ischnocheles (Hermann 1804) [incl. C. orthodactylus (Leach 1817), C. rayi Koch 1873, C. trombidioides (Latreille 1804)]J97
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[EH08] Edward, K. L., & M. S. Harvey. 2008. Short-range endemism in hypogean environments: the pseudoscorpion genera Tyrannochthonius and Lagynochthonius (Pseudoscorpiones: Chthoniidae) in the semiarid zone of Western Australia. Invertebrate Systematics 22: 259–293.
[H81] Harvey, M. S. 1981. A checklist of the Australian Pseudoscorpionida. Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society 5 (6): 237–252.
[H09] Harvey, M. S. 2009. The first Australasian species of the halophilic pseudoscorpion genus Paraliochthonius (Pseudoscorpiones: Chthoniidae). Records of the Western Australian Museum 25 (3): 329–344.
[HM06] Harvey, M. S., & L. G. Mould. 2006. A new troglomorphic species of Austrochthonius (Pseudoscorpiones: Chthoniidae) from Australia, with remarks on Chthonius caecus. Records of the Western Australian Museum 23 (2): 205–211.
[J97] Judson, M. L. I. 1997. Catalogue of the pseudoscorpion types (Arachnida: Chelonethi) in the Natural History Museum, London. Occasional Papers on Systematic Entomology 11: 1–54.
[L88] Liebherr, J. K. 1988. General patterns in West Indian insects, and graphical biogeographic analysis of some circum-Caribbean Platynus beetles (Carabidae). Systematic Zoology 37 (4): 385–409.
[M01] Mahnert, V. 2001. Cave-dwelling pseudoscorpions (Arachnida, Pseudoscorpiones) from Brazil. Revue Suisse de Zoologie 108 (1): 95–148.
[M90] Muchmore, W. B. 1990. Pseudoscorpionida. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 503–527. John Wiley & Sones: New York.
[MHG08] Murienne, J., M. S. Harvey & G. Giribet. 2008. First molecular phylogeny of the major clades of Pseudoscorpiones (Arthropoda: Chelicerata). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 49: 170–184.
[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.
[S62] Schuster, R. O. 1962. New species of Kewochthonius Chamberlin from California (Arachnida: Chelonethida). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 75: 223–226.
[S93] Selden, P. A. 1993. Arthropoda (Aglaspidida, Pycnogonida and Chelicerata). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 297–320. Chapman & Hall: London.