Belongs within: Lecanorales.
The Cladoniaceae is a family of lichenised fungi, especially abundant in cold climates. Species of Cladonia are among the primary food sources for grazers such as reindeer in tundra regions. Ascomata are borne at the top of vertical podetia, which may also contain symbiotic algae (as in Cladonia) or not (as in Gymnoderma). The podetia are hollow in Cladonia but solid in Pilophorus.
Characters (Cannon & Kirk 2007): Thallus usually dimorphic, composed of an evanescent to persistent, crustose, foliose or squamulose primary thallus lacking rhizoids and a more or less vertical, usually branched, solid or hollow secondary thallus bearing the ascomata. Soredia sometimes present. Ascomata apothecial, entire to lobate, without a fully differentiated margin, often brightly coloured, sometimes proliferating. Interascal tissue of sparsely branched and anastomosed paraphyses. Asci cylindric-clavate, thickened at apex,with J+ apical cap and usually a J+ gelatinous outer layer. Ascospores usually aseptate and hyaline. Cephalodia sometimes present. Anamorphs coelomycetous, pycnidial, with simple more or less filiform spermatial conidia. Lichenised with green algae.
<==Cladoniaceae
|--Calathaspis Lamb & Weber 1972KC01
|--Heteromyces Müll. Arg. 1889KC01
|--Metus Galloway & James 1987KC01
|--Myelorrhiza Verdon & Elix 1986KC01
|--Ramalea Nyl. 1866KC01
|--Sphaerophoropsis Vain. 1890KC01
|--Thysanothecium Mont. & Berk. 1846KC01
|--Pycnothelia (Ach.) Dufour 1821 (see below for synonymy)KC01
| `--P. papillariaE99
|--Cladia Nyl. 1870 [incl. Clathrina Müll. Arg. 1883]KC01
| |--C. aggregataE99
| `--C. fuliginosaG94
|--Pilophorus Fries 1857KC01 (see below for synonymy)
| |--P. acicularisE99
| |--P. cereolus (Acharius) Fries 1874 (see below for synonymy)F33
| `--P. robustus Fries 1857 (see below for synonymy)F33
|--Gymnoderma Nylander 1860 (nom. cons.)EB03, WA02 [=Gymnodermatomyces Cif. & Tomas. 1953KC01]
| |--*G. coccocarpum Nylander 1860 (see below for synonymy)WA02
| |--G. insulare Yoshimura & Sharp 1968WA02
| `--‘Heterodea’ madagascarea Nylander 1888WA02
`--Cladonia Browne 1756 (nom. cons.) (see below for synonymy)KC01
|--C. alcicornis [incl. C. foliacea]F33
|--C. arbusculaM08
| |--C. a. ssp. arbusculaM08
| `--C. a. ssp. mitisM08
|--C. bacillarisF33
|--C. bellidifloraE99
|--C. caespititiaF33
|--C. carolinianaJK06
|--C. ceratophyllaJ87
|--C. cervicornisM08
|--C. cocciferaF33
|--'Cladina’ confusaJ87
|--C. coniocraeaM08
|--C. convolutaM08
|--C. cornucopiaeH04
|--C. cornutaHH92
|--C. crispataG94
| |--C. c. var. crispataG94
| `--C. c. var. cetrariiformisG94
|--C. cristatellaPHK96
|--C. degeneransF33
|--C. didymaJ87
| |--C. d. var. didymaJ87
| `--C. d. var. vulcanicaJ87
|--C. digitataF33
|--C. endiviaefoliaC74
|--C. fimbriataH04
|--C. floerkeanaF33 [=C. macilenta ssp. floerkeanaM08]
|--C. furcataF33
|--C. glaucaS00
|--C. gracilisF33
|--C. grayiKC01
|--C. leptophyllaF33
|--C. mero-chlorophaeaKC01
|--'Cladina’ mitisHH92
|--C. multipartitaJ87
|--C. murrayiG94
|--C. papillariaF33
|--C. perfoliataH04
|--C. pleurotaM08
|--C. pycnocladaD03
|--C. pyxidataF33
| |--C. p. ssp. pyxidataM08
| |--C. p. ssp. chlorophaeaM08
| `--C. p. ssp. pocillumM08
|--C. ramulosaJ87
|--C. rangiferinaKC01 [=Cladina rangiferinaJ87]
| |--C. r. ssp. rangiferinaJ87
| `--'Cladina’ r. ssp. abbayesiiJ87
|--C. rangiformisM08
|--C. retiporaH04
|--C. spiculataJ87
|--C. squamosaJ87
| |--C. s. var. squamosaJ87
| `--C. s. var. subsquamosaJ87
|--C. stellarisKC01 [=Cladina stellarisHH92]
|--C. subcervicornisE99
|--C. subradiataJ87
|--'Cladina’ subtenuisJ87
|--C. subulataM08
|--C. symphycarpaM08
|--C. theiophilaA76
|--C. verticillataH04
`--C. yunnanaWA02
Cladonia Browne 1756 (nom. cons.) [=Biseucladinomyces Cif. & Tomas. 1953; incl. Biscladinomyces Cif. & Tomas. 1953, Capitularia Flörke 1807, Cenomyce Ach. 1810, Cenomyces Ach. 1809, Cladina (Nyl.) Nyl. 1866, Cladinomyces Cif. & Tomas. 1953, Cladona Adans. 1763 (nom. rej.), Cladoniomyces Thomas ex Cif. & Tomas. 1953, Eucladoniomyces Cif. & Tomas. 1953, Helopodium Ach. ex Michx. 1803, Phyllocarpos Poir. 1813, Pyxidium Hill 1771, Schasmaria (Ach.) Gray 1821, Scyphiphorus Vent. 1799, Scyphophora Gray 1821, Scyphophorus Ach. ex Michx. 1803, Scyphorus Raf. 1814]KC01
*Gymnoderma coccocarpum Nylander 1860 [=Cladonia coccocarpa (Nylander) Evans 1860; incl. C. botryocephala Hepp in Zollinger 1854]WA02
Pilophorus Fries 1857KC01 [=Stereocaulon sect. Pilophoron Tuck. 1848F33, Pilophoron (Tuck.) Tuck. 1858KC01, Pilophorum Nyl. 1857KC01]
Pilophorus cereolus (Acharius) Fries 1874 [=Lichen cereolus Acharius 1798, Pilophoron cereolus, Stereocaulon cereolus (Acharius) Acharius 1803; incl. S. cereolinum Acharius 1814, S. paschale var. cereolinum (Acharius) Schaerer 1833, S. fibula Tuck 1848]F33
Pilophorus robustus Fries 1857 [=Pilophoron robustum, Pilophorus cereolus f. robustus (Fries) Tuck. 1882; incl. Pilophoron polycarpum Tuck. 1858]F33
Pycnothelia (Ach.) Dufour 1821 [=Papillaria Kickx 1835 (nom. rej.) non (Müll.Hal.) Lorentz 1864, Pycnotheliomyces Cif. & Tomas. 1953]KC01
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
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