Belongs within: Panorpoidea.
Contains: Tipulomorpha, Neoneura.
The Diptera, flies, are a diverse group of insects characterised by the reduction of the hind pair of wings to small sensory knobs called halteres. The mesothorax is correspondingly enlarged relative to the reduced pro- and metathorax. Rapid movements of the halteres during flight are believed to impart gyroscopic stability, allowing for rapid and agile flight. Mouthparts are adapted into a more or less elongate proboscis for sucking fluid.
Molecular analysis supports recognition of the genus Deuterophlebia, the mountain midges, as sister taxon to the remaining flies (Wiegmann et al. 2011). Deuterophlebia species live as larvae in fast-flowing streams in scattered north temperate regions of Eurasia and North America, with a single questional record from Chile (Kennedy 1981). Adults have broad, fan-like wings with true venation reduced but with an extensive ‘secondary venation’ resulting from folding of the wings. Antennae have a four-segmented flagellum and are remarkably long in adult males (Kennedy 1981).
Also associated with fast-flowing streams are the Nymphomyiidae, whose species have strap-like wings with reduced venation and a long fringe. These wings are shed after mating, allowing the coupled individuals to crawl underwater so the females can lay. Similar habits have been inferred for the Jurassic Strashilidae, which have been found in the fossil record as both alate and coupled dealate individuals (Huang et al. 2013). Three genera of nymphomyiids are recognised in the modern fauna, with Nymphomyia and Felicitomyia found in eastern Asia and Palaeodipteron in northeastern North America (Kevan & Cutten 1981).
Synapomorphies (from Grimaldi & Engel 2005): Pro- and metathorax reduced; hind wings reduced to halteres; labial palps fused into labellum; mandibles reduced; male abdominal spiracle 8 lost; sperm pump present.
<==Diptera (see below for synonymy)
|--Deuterophlebia [Deuterophlebiidae, Deuterophlebioidea, Deuterophlebiomorpha]WT11
| |--D. coloradensisWT11
| |--D. inyoensisK81
| |--D. nielsoniM81
| `--D. nipponica Kitakami 1938I92
`--+--+--TipulomorphaWT11
| `--+--PsychotipinaeBLM02
| `--NeoneuraWT11
`--+--Strashilidae [Nakridletia, Vosilidae]HN13
| |--Vosila sinensis Vršanský, Ren & Shih 2010 [incl. Parazila saurica Vršanský, Ren & Shih 2010]HN13
| `--Strashila Rasnitsyn 1992HN13
| |--*S. incredibilisHN13
| `--S. daohugouensis Huang, Nel et al. 2013HN13
`--Nymphomyiidae [Nymphomyioidea, Nymphomyiomorpha]WT11
|--Palaeodipteron walkeriM81
|--FelicitomyiaKC81
`--NymphomyiaHN13
|--*N. albaKC81
|--N. dolichopezaWT11
|--N. levanidovaeKC81
|--N. succinaHN13
`--N. walkeriHN13
Diptera incertae sedis:
ProtendipesO81 [ProtendipedidaeBLM02]
`--P. huabeiensis Zhang 1986RJ93
GracilitipulaRJ93 [GracilitipulidaeBLM02]
`--G. asiatica Hong & Wang 1990RJ93
ZhangobiidaeBLM02
EretmopoditesA71
Odontosoma Townsend 1916C92
Arocera longirostrisT27
Antiopa Meigen 1800BR05
Purpurella Robineau-Desvoidy 1853BR05
Volvula Gistl 1848BR05
Pycnosoma rufifaciesB88
‘Eatonia’ Meunier 1905 nec Hall 1857 nec Smith 1875S61
Megathon zwickiGE05
AnsorgiusGE05 [AnsorgiidaeBLM02]
SinotendipesRJ93 [SinotendipedidaeBLM02]
`--S. tuanwangensis Hong & Wang 1990RJ93
Speiserella Kishida 1931TYM08
Bayeriola salicariaeMB93
Dicranophora Macquart 1834LT61
‘Helea’ Meigen 1800 (nom. rej.) non Latreille 1804MB08
Camptorhynchus Fischer 1808Z94
Horaia Tonnoir 1930LB08
Asiochaoborus [Asiochaoboridae]RJ93
`--A. tenuous Hong & Wang 1990RJ93
DictyodipteridaeRJ93
DiplopolyneuridaeRJ93
DyspolyneuridaeRJ93
EomyiidaeRJ93
EopleciidaeRJ93
|--Eoplecia primitivaRJ93
`--Eomycetophila asymmetrica Kovalev 1990RJ93
EopolyneuridaeRJ93
EostratiomyiidaeRJ93
HyperpolyneuridaeRJ93
Luanpingites [Luanpingitidae]RJ93
`--L. flavus Zhang 1986RJ93
MesophantasmatidaeRJ93
MusidoromimidaeRJ93
Palaeolimnobia [Palaeolimnobiidae]RJ93
`--P. laiyangensis Zhang et al. 1986RJ93
PalaeophoridaeRJ93
PalaeopleciidaeRJ93
Stratiomyopsis [Palaeostratiomyiidae, Palaeostriomyiidae]RJ93
`--S. robusta Hong & Wang 1990RJ93
ParaxymyiidaeRJ93
PhragmoligoneuridaeRJ93
PleciodictyidaeRJ93
Pleciomimella [Pleciomimidae, Sinemediidae]RJ93
`--P. perbella Zhang et al. 1986RJ93
Proneottiophilum [Proneottiophilidae]RJ93
`--P. extinctumRJ93
Mesomphrale [Protomphralidae]RJ93
`--M. asiatica Hong & Wang 1990RJ93
ProtoligoneuridaeRJ93
Siberhyphus [Siberhyphidae]RJ93
`--S. lebedevi Kovalev in Kalugina & Kovalev 1985RJ93
TanyderophryneidaeRJ93
TipulodictyidaeRJ93
TipulopleciidaeRJ93
Palpina Malloch 1927K18
Erethmoptera browniR13
Zonosoma meigeniiR13
Anistoma cinnamomeaKC01
Nematocera bicolorG20
Tethepomyia Grimaldi & Cumming 1999GC99
`--*T. thauma Grimaldi & Cumming 1999GC99
‘Odontoceras’ Macquart 1835 non Serville 1833EH19
Odonthoceras Rondi 1861EH19
Goniorhynchus castaneusB89
Allopogon Schiner 1866Y02
Molobrus thomaeR26
Simulia reptansR26
Odagamia ornataVD-VW14
Oinopota Kirby 1815ICZN10
`--*O. cellaris (Linnaeus 1758)ICZN10 [=Musca cellarisICZN10, Drosophila cellarisL49]
Diptera [Antliata, Archidiptera, Blephariceroidea, Blephariceromorpha, Eudiptera, Muscida, Nematocera, Polyneura, Tipulariae]
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
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