Epedanidae

Belongs within: Epedanoidea.
Contains: Dibunus.

The Epedanidae are a family of harvestmen endemic to Asia, characterised by a penis with a well-developed immovable sac and lacking complex introverting structures (Zhang et al. 2015).

Epedanidae [Epedanoidae]
    |--AcrobuninaeZLZ15
    |    |--Anacrobunus Roewer 1927ZLZ15
    |    |--Harpagonellus Roewer 1927ZLZ15
    |    |--Heterobiantes Roewer 1912 [=Epedanestus Roewer 1938]KM20
    |    |    `--*H. geniculatus (Pocock 1903)KM20 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--Paracrobunus Suzuki 1977ZLZ15
    |    |    `--*P. bimaculatus Suzuki 1977S77a
    |    |--Metacrobunus Roewer 1915ZLZ15
    |    |    |--M. frontalis Banks 1930B30
    |    |    `--M. macrochelis Roewer 1915R23
    |    `--Acrobunus Thorell 1891ZLZ15
    |         |--A. bifasciatus Thorell 1911R23
    |         |--A. nigropunctatus Thorell 1891R23
    |         `--A. thorelli Banks 1930B30
    |--Sarasinicinae [Sarasinellinae]ZLZ15
    |    |--Pasohnus Suzuki 1976ZLZ15
    |    |    `--P. bispinosusK07
    |    |--Padangcola Roewer 1963ZLZ15
    |    |--Sungsotia Tsurusaki 1995ZLZ15
    |    |    `--*S. uenoi Tsurusaki 1995T95
    |    |--Opelytus Roewer 1927SG11, KM20
    |    |    |--*O. vepretum Roewer 1927KM20
    |    |    `--O. spinichelis Roewer 1938SG11
    |    |--Pseudobiantes Hirst 1911ZLZ15 [incl. Epedanellus Roewer 1911S73, Nobeoka Roewer 1938ZLZ15, Strisilvea Roewer 1927ZLZ15]
    |    |    |--*P. japonicus Hirst 1911 [incl. Epedanellus laevis Roewer 1911, Nobeoka laevis Roewer 1938]S73
    |    |    `--‘*Epedanellus’ tuberculatus Roewer 1911S73 [incl. *Strisilvea cavicola Roewer 1927KM20]
    |    |--Kilungius Roewer 1915S77b
    |    |    |--*K. bimaculatus Roewer 1915S77b [incl. K. tuberculatus Roewer 1938S73]
    |    |    `--K. insulanus (Hirst 1911)LZK08 (see below for synonymy)
    |    |--Parepedanus Roewer 1912R23
    |    |    |--P. bimaculatus Roewer 1915R23
    |    |    `--P. bispinosus Roewer 1912R23
    |    |--Sinistus Kury in Kury, Mendes et al. 2020KM20
    |    |    |--*S. maculatus Roewer 1938KM20
    |    |    `--S. fuscus Roewer 1938KM20
    |    |--Tegestria Roewer 1936R36
    |    |    |--*T. johorea Roewer 1936R36
    |    |    |--T. coniata Roewer 1938S82
    |    |    `--T. seriata Roewer 1938S72
    |    |--Asopella Kury in Kury, Mendes et al. 2020KM20
    |    |    |--*A. lutescens (Thorell 1876) [=Epedanus lutescens]KM20
    |    |    |--A. robusta Suzuki 1982KM20
    |    |    `--A. xanti Sørensen in Henriksen 1932KM20
    |    `--Sarasinica Strand 1914 [=Sarasinella Roewer 1913 non Uhlig 1905]R23
    |         `--S. tricommata (Roewer 1913) [=Sarasinella tricommata]R23
    |              |--S. t. tricommataR23
    |              |--S. t. quadripunctata Roewer 1913 [=Sarasinella tricommata quadripunctata]R23
    |              `--S. t. sexpunctata Roewer 1913 [=Sarasinella tricommata sexpunctata]R23
    `--EpedaninaeZLZ15
         |  i. s.: Zepedanulus ishikawai Suzuki 1971T95
         |         Neoepedanus Roewer 1912T95
         |           `--N. fokiensis Roewer 1912R23
         |         Plistobunus Pocock 1903R23
         |           |--*P. rapax Pocock 1903P03
         |           `--P. columnarius Lian, Zhang & Zhang 2011KP-GP19
         |         Acanthepedanus Roewer 1912R23
         |           `--A. armatus Roewer 1912R23
         |         Mimepedanus Roewer 1923R23
         |           `--*M. orientalis (Hirst 1912) [=Epedanus orientalis]R23
         |         Epedanulus Roewer 1913R23
         |           `--E. sarasinorum Roewer 1913R23
         |         Parepedanulus Roewer 1913R23
         |           `--P. sarasinorum Roewer 1913R23
         |         Dino Loman 1893ZLZ15
         |           `--*D. weberi Loman 1893K08
         |         Metepedanulus Roewer 1913R23
         |           |--M. sarasinorum Roewer 1913R23
         |           `--M. flaveolus Banks 1930B30
         |         Takaoia Roewer 1911S77b
         |           |--*T. sauteri Roewer 1911S77b
         |           |--T. kubotai Suzuki 1982S82
         |           `--T. similis Roewer 1915S77b
         |         Thyreotus Thorell 1889R23
         |           |--*T. bifasciatus Thorell 1889T89
         |           `--T. bimaculatus Roewer 1912R23
         |         Metathyreotus Roewer 1913R23
         |           |--*M. aborensis Roewer 1913KM20
         |           `--M. kempi Roewer 1913R23
         |         Metepedanus Roewer 1912 [incl. Parabiantes Hirst 1912]R23
         |           |--*M. venator (Roewer 1911)KM20 [=Epedanus venatorKM20; incl. *Parabiantes longipalpis Hirst 1912KM20, R23]
         |           `--M. accentuatus (Roewer 1911) [=Epedanus accentuatus]R23
         |         Heteroepedanus Roewer 1912R23
         |           |--*H. monacantha (Roewer 1911) [=Epedanus monacantha]KM20
         |           `--H. triacantha (Roewer 1911) [=Epedanus triacantha]R23
         |         Epedanus Thorell 1876R23
         |           |--*E. pictus Thorell 1876T76
         |           |--E. armatus Banks 1930B30
         |           |--E. brevipalpus Banks 1930B30
         |           |--E. cavicolus Banks 1930B30
         |           |--E. pinangensis Thorell 1890R23
         |           `--E. praedo Sørensen in Henriksen 1932KM20
         |         Pseudoepedanus Suzuki 1969ZLZ15
         |           `--P. doiensis Suzuki 1969SG11
         |         Mosfora Roewer 1938S77b
         |           `--*M. silvestrii (Roewer 1927) [=Takaoia silvestrii]S77b
         |         Funkikoa Roewer 1927S77b
         |           `--*F. maxima Roewer 1927S77b
         |         Epedanidus Roewer 1943ZLZ15
         |         Pseudomarthana Hillyard 1985ZLZ15
         |         Balabanus Suzuki 1977ZLZ15
         |           `--*B. quadrispinosus Suzuki 1977S77a
         |         Paratakaoia Suzuki 1985ZLZ15
         |           `--P. minima Suzuki in Suzuki & Stone 1986KM20
         |         Aboriscus Roewer 1940ZLZ15
         |         Caletor Loman 1892R23, KM20
         |           |--‘Epedanus’ javanus Thorell 1876R23 [incl. *Caletor unguidens Loman 1892L92, R23, L92]
         |           `--C. bicolor (Sørensen in Henriksen 1932) [=Asopella bicolor]KM20
         |--Euepedanus Roewer 1915KP-GP19, R23
         |    |--E. flavimaculatus Zhu & Lian 2006KP-GP19
         |    |--E. siamensis (Hirst 1912) [=Epedanus siamensis]R23
         |    `--E. trispinosus Roewer 1915R23
         `--+--DibunusKP-GP19
            `--+--Nanepedanus rufusKP-GP19
               `--+--Alloepedanus Suzuki 1985KP-GP19, ZLZ15
                  `--Toccolus Roewer 1927KP-GP19, K08
                       |--*T. minimus Roewer 1927K08
                       |--T. chibai Suzuki 1976K08
                       |--T. globitarsis Suzuki 1969K08
                       `--T. javanensis Kury 2008K08

Epedanidae incertae sedis:
  Parabeloniscus Suzuki 1967ZLZ15
    |--*P. nipponicus Suzuki 1967S73
    |--P. caudatus Suzuki 1973S73
    `--P. shimojanai Suzuki 1971S73
  Istithaeus Roewer 1949LZK08
  Kondosus Roewer 1949LZK08
  Sterrhosoma Thorell 1891LZK08
    `--S. brevipalpe Thorell 1891 [=Tithaeus brevipalpe]R23
  Tithaeomma Roewer 1949LZK08
  Dhaulagirius Martens 1977ZLZ15
    `--*D. altitudinalis Martens 1977M77
  Dumaguetes Roewer 1927ZLZ15
    `--D. chapmani Roewer 1927S77a
  Parabupares Suzuki 1982ZLZ15
    `--P. robustus Suzuki 1982KSP-G15
  Sotekia Suzuki 1982ZLZ15
  Tokunosia Suzuki 1964ZLZ15
    `--*T. tenuipes Suzuki 1964S77b
         |--T. t. tenuipesS77b
         |--T. t. taiwana Suzuki 1977S77b
         `--T. t. tuberculata Suzuki 1973S73
  Gasterapophus Zhang, Lian & Zhang 2015ZLZ15
    |--*G. binatus Zhang, Lian & Zhang 2015ZLZ15
    `--G. singulus Zhang, Lian & Zhang 2015ZLZ15
  Petrobunoides sharmai Selden, Dunlop et al. 2016P-GC17

*Heterobiantes geniculatus (Pocock 1903)^KM20 [=Epedanus geniculatus^R23, *Epedanestus geniculatus^KM20, Pseudobiantes geniculatus^W53]

Kilungius insulanus (Hirst 1911)^LZK08 [=Pseudobiantes insulanus^S73, Heterobiantes insulanus^S73; incl. Kilungius tsutsuii Suzuki 1956^S73]

*Type species of generic name indicated

References

[B30] Banks, N. 1930. Phalangida from Borneo. Sarawak Museum Journal, new series 4 (1): 57–86, pls 11–12.

[K07] Kury, A. B. 2007. Epedanidae Sørensen, 1886. In: Pinto-da-Rocha, R., G. Machado & G. Giribet (eds) Harvestmen: The Biology of Opiliones pp. 188–191. Harvard University Press: Cambridge (Massachusetts).

[K08] Kury, A. B. 2008. On the systematic position of Dino Loman and Toccolus Roewer (Opiliones, Laniatores, Epedanidae), with the description of a new species from western Java, Indonesia. Zootaxa 1932: 61–68.

[KM20] Kury, A. B., A. C. Mendes, L. Cardoso, M. S. Kury & A. A. Granado. 2020. WCO-Lite: Online world catalogue of harvestmen (Arachnida, Opiliones). Version 1.0—Checklist of all valid nomina in Opiliones with authors and dates of publication up to 2018. Published by the author: Rio de Janeiro.

[KP-GP19] Kury, A. B., A. Pérez-González & D. N. Proud. 2019. A new Indo-Malayan family of Grassatores (Arachnida: Opiliones: Laniatores). Invertebrate Systematics 33: 892–906.

[KSP-G15] Kury, A. B., D. R. Souza & A. Pérez-González. 2015. World checklist of Opiliones species (Arachnida). Part 2: Laniatores—Samooidea, Zalmoxoidea and Grassatores incertae sedis. Biodiversity Data Journal 3: e6482.

[LZK08] Lian, W.-G., M.-S. Zhu & A. B. Kury. 2008. A new species of the genus Tithaeus from China (Arachnida: Laniatores: Epedanidae). Zootaxa 184: 53–60.

[L92] Loman, J. C. C. 1892. Opilioniden von Sumatra, Java und Flores. In: M. Weber (ed.) Zoologische Ergebnisse einer Reise in Niederländisch Ost-Indien vol. 3 pp. 1–26, pl. 1. E. J. Brill: Leiden.

[M77] Martens, J. 1977. Opiliones aus dem Nepal-Himalaya. III. Oncopodidae, Phalangodidae, Assamiidae (Arachnida). Senckenbergiana Biologica 57 (4–6): 295–340.

[P-GC17] Pérez-González, A., F. S. Ceccarelli, B. G. O. Monte, D. N. Proud, M. B. DaSilva & M. E. Bichuette. 2017. Light from dark: a relictual troglobite reveals a broader ancestral distribution for kimulid harvestmen (Opiliones: Laniatores: Kimulidae) in South America. PLoS One 12 (11): e0187919.

[P03] Pocock, R. I. 1903. Fifteen new species and two new genera of tropical and southern Opiliones. Annals & Magazine of Natural History series 7, xi: 433–450.

[R23] Roewer, C.-F. 1923. Die Weberknechte der Erde: Systematische Bearbeitung der bisher bekannnten Opiliones. Gustav Fischer: Jena.

[R36] Roewer, C. F. 1936. Opiliones aus Malaya. Bulletin of the Raffles Museum, Singapore 12: 72–76.

[SG11] Sharma, P. P., & G. Giribet. 2011. The evolutionary and biogeographic history of the armoured harvestmen—Laniatores phylogeny based on ten molecular markers, with the description of two new families of Opiliones (Arachnida). Invertebrate Systematics 25: 106–142.

[S72] Suzuki, S. 1972. Opiliones of Semangkok Forest Reserve, Malaysia. Journal of Science of the Hiroshima University, Series B, Division 1 (Zoology) 24 (1): 1–37.

[S73] Suzuki, S. 1973. Opiliones from the South-west Islands, Japan. Journal of Science of the Hiroshima University, Series B, Division 1 (Zoology) 24: 205–279.

[S77a] Suzuki, S. 1977a. Report on a collection of opilionids from the Phillippines. Journal of Science of the Hiroshima University, Series B, Division 1 (Zoology) 27 (1): 1–120.

[S77b] Suzuki, S. 1977b. Opiliones from Taiwan (Arachnida). Journal of Science of the Hiroshima University, Series B, Division 1 (Zoology) 27 (1): 121–157.

[S82] Suzuki, S. 1982. A small collection of harvestmen from Malaysia (Opiliones, Arachnida). Acta Arachnologica 31 (1): 27–34.

[T76] Thorell, T. 1876. Descrizione di alcune specie di Opilioni dell’Arcipelago Malese appartenenti al Museo Civico di Genova. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 1, 9: 111–138.

[T89] Thorell, T. 1889. Viaggio di Leonardo Fea in Birmania e regioni vicine. XXI.—Aracnidi Artrogastri Birmani raccolti da L. Fea nel 1885–1887. Annali del Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, Serie 2^a, 7: 521–729.

[T95] Tsurusaki, N. 1995. Sungsotia uenoi gen. n., sp. n. (Arachnida, Opiliones, Phalangodidae), a cavernicolous harvestman from northern Vietnam. Special Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Coleopterology 4: 105–110.

[W53] Wang F.-C. 1953. A list of Chinese spiders of the order Opiliones. Kunchong Xuebao [Acta Entomologica Sinica] 3: 503–512.

[ZLZ15] Zhang, C., W.-G. Lian & F. Zhang. 2015. Gasterapophus (Opiliones: Laniatores: Epedanidae), a new genus from Hainan Island, South China Sea. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 63: 97–109.