Belongs within: Euphorbiaceae.
Contains: Euphorbia series Scolopendriae, Euphorbia series Splendentes.
Euphorbia is a very large genus of flowering plants, most diverse in drier parts of the tropics. Species are diverse in appearance, including herbs, trees and cactus-like succulents. Flowers are minute but are borne in inflorescences subtended by modified leaves, cyathophylls, that may resemble brightly-coloured petals. Some species are popular ornamentals, such as the poinsettia E. pulcherrima, though the latex sap of species in this genus can be noticeably caustic. The crown-of-thorns E. milii is a particularly spiny species that is widely grown. Other notable species include the petty spurge E. peplus, a native of Europe and western Asia that has become naturalised in many other parts of the world including North America and Australasia. The caper spurge E. lathyrus is a similarly widespread Eurasian native whose caustic sap is known for causing blisters on contact with skin.
Members of section Tithymalus are succulent shrubs densely covered when young with spiral leaves and bearing flowers in umbels (Jacobsen 1954).
Characters (from Ma & Gilbert): Herbs (annual, biennial, or perennial), shrubs, or trees, very rarely subscandent, sometimes rhizomatous, monoecious or, rarely in Flora area, dioecious; indumentum of simple hairs, often absent, all parts with abundant white, very rarely yellow, latex; roots fibrous or tuberous. Stems sometimes succulent, terete or variously winged or tuberculate. Leaves alternate or opposite, rarely verticillate; stipules present or not, sometimes modified into glands or prickles; petiole often ill-defined to absent; leaf blade usually entire, sometimes serrulate or dentate. Inflorescence a flowerlike cyathium, single or often several in terminal or axillary, dichasial or monochasial cymes often in a “pseudumbel” with a terminal, more or less sessile cyathium subtended by a whorl of pedunculate cymes, each subtended by an involucral leaf; cyathium consisting of a bowl-shaped to tubular involucre subtended by a pair of bracts, “cyathophylls,” enclosing several clusters of male flowers and 1 central female flower, occasionally cyathia unisexual, involucre margin with 4 or 5 lobes, cyathial glands (1–)4 or 5(–7), mostly alternating with involucral lobes, sometimes with petaloid appendages or a pair of horns. Male flower reduced to a single stamen, with an articulation at junction of pedicel and filament, subtended by slender bracteoles. Female flower pedicellate, reduced to a single ovary, rarely subtended by a very reduced perianth; ovary 3-loculed; ovules 1 per locule; styles 3, free, sometimes partly connate; stigma 2-lobed or not, more or less capitate. Fruit a capsule, breaking into 3 2-valved cocci, dehiscence usually explosive, very rarely almost indehiscent. Seeds 1 per locule, globose to ovoid or more or less cylindric; caruncle present or not; endosperm abundant; cotyledons large.
<==Euphorbia Linnaeus 1753A61 [incl. ChamaesyceE03; Euphorbieae]
|--E. sect. AnthacanthaJ54
| |--E. aggregataJ54
| |--E. anopliaJ54
| |--E. atrispinaJ54
| | |--E. a. var. atrispinaJ54
| | `--E. a. var. viridisJ54
| |--E. cereiformis [incl. E. echinata, E. erosa, E. odontophylla]J54
| |--E. cucumerinaJ54
| |--E. cumulataJ54
| |--E. enoplaJ54
| | |--E. e. var. enoplaJ54
| | `--E. e. var. viridis non E. atrispina var. viridisJ54
| |--E. ferox [incl. E. captiosa]J54
| |--E. fimbriata (see below for synonymy)J54
| |--E. heptagona [incl. E. morinii]J54
| |--E. horridaJ54
| | |--E. h. var. horridaJ54
| | `--E. h. var. striata non E. virosa var. striata Jacobsen 1954J54
| |--E. inconstantiaJ54
| |--E. levianaJ54
| |--E. mammillarisJ54
| |--E. nesemanniiJ54
| |--E. pendula [incl. Tithymalus pendens]J54
| |--E. pentagonaJ54
| |--E. pillansiiJ54
| |--E. polygonaJ54
| |--E. pulvinataJ54
| |--E. stellaespinaJ54
| `--E. submammillaris [=E. cereiformis var. submammillaris; incl. E. pfersdorfii]J54
|--E. sect. ArthrothamnusJ54
| |--E. aequorisJ54
| |--E. alataJ54
| |--E. amarifontanaJ54
| |--E. angraeJ54
| |--E. antisyphiliticaJ54
| |--E. aphyllaJ54
| |--E. arbusculaJ54
| |--E. arceuthoboidesJ54
| |--E. aspericaulisJ54
| |--E. brachiataJ54
| |--E. burmannii [incl. E. biglandulosa, E. viminalis]J54
| |--E. cassythoidesJ54
| |--E. caterviflora [incl. E. hastisquamata, E. mundtii]J54
| |--E. ceriferaJ54
| |--E. chersinaJ54
| |--E. cibdelaJ54
| |--E. corymbosaJ54
| |--E. cuneataJ54
| |--E. decussata [incl. E. indecora]J54
| |--E. dregeana [incl. E. elastica]J54
| |--E. enterophoraJ54
| |--E. ephedroidesJ54
| |--E. fiherenensisJ54
| |--E. gentilisJ54
| |--E. gregariaJ54
| |--E. gummiferaJ54
| |--E. herreiJ54
| |--E. intisyJ54
| | |--E. i. var. intisyJ54
| | `--E. i. var. maintyiJ54
| |--E. juttaeJ54
| |--E. karroensis [=E. burmannii var. karroensis]J54
| |--E. lactifluaJ54
| |--E. laroJ54
| |--E. leucodendron [incl. E. alluaudii]J54
| |--E. lignosaJ54
| |--E. macellaJ54
| |--E. mauritanicaJ54
| | |--E. m. var. mauritanicaCV06
| | `--E. m. var. foetensCV06
| |--E. mundiiJ54
| |--E. muricataJ54
| |--E. obtusifoliaJ54
| | |--E. o. var. obtusifoliaJ54
| | `--E. o. var. regis-jubaeJ54
| | |--E. o. var. r. subvar. regis-jubaeJ54
| | `--E. o. var. r. subvar. pseudodendroidesJ54
| |--E. oncocladaJ54
| |--E. paxianaJ54
| |--E. perpeaJ54
| |--E. plagianthaJ54
| |--E. pseudobrachiataJ54
| |--E. rectiramaJ54
| |--E. rhombifolia [incl. E. racemosa var. cymosa, E. racemosa var. laxa, E. racemosa, E. racemosa var. triceps]J54
| |--E. rudolfiiJ54
| |--E. sarcostemmatoidesJ54
| |--E. schimperiJ54
| |--E. siliciicolaJ54
| |--E. spartiariaJ54
| |--E. spicataJ54
| |--E. spineaJ54
| |--E. stapelioidesJ54
| |--E. stenoclada [incl. E. cirsioides, E. insulae-europae]J54
| |--E. stoloniferaJ54
| |--E. tenaxJ54
| |--E. tirucalliJ54
| | |--E. t. var. tirucalliJ54
| | `--E. t. var. rhipsaloidesJ54
| |--E. transvaalensis [incl. E. ciliolata, E. galpinii, E. goetzei]J54
| |--E. verruculosaJ54
| `--E. xylophylloidesJ54
|--E. sect. DactylanthesJ54
| |--E. globosa [=Dactylanthes globosa]J54
| |--E. ornithopus [incl. Dactylanthes patula, E. patula]J54
| |--E. planicepsJ54
| |--E. polycephalaJ54
| |--E. tridentata [incl. Dactylanthes anacantha, E. anacantha]J54
| `--E. wilmanaeJ54
|--E. sect. DiacanthiumJ54
| | i. s.: E. abyssinica [incl. E. grandis]J54
| | E. acrurensis [incl. E. abyssinica var. tetragona non E. tetragona]J54
| | E. ammak [incl. E. officinarum var. arboreum]J54
| | E. angularis [incl. E. crispata, E. lemaireana, E. abyssinica var. mozambicensis, E. nykiae]J54
| | E. antiquorumJ54
| | E. avasmontana [incl. E. kalaharica]J54
| | |--E. a. var. avasmontanaJ54
| | `--E. a. var. sagittariaJ54
| | E. barnardiiJ54
| | E. barnhartiiJ54
| | E. beaumierianaJ54
| | E. bothaeJ54
| | E. cactusJ54
| | |--E. c. var. cactusJ54
| | `--E. c. var. aureo-variegataJ54
| | E. canariensisJ54
| | E. candelabrumJ54
| | |--E. c. var. candelabrumJ54
| | `--E. c. var. erythraeaeJ54
| | E. coerulescens [=E. virosa var. coerulescens]J54
| | E. complexaJ54
| | E. confertifloraJ54
| | E. cooperiJ54
| | E. curviramaJ54
| | E. dinteriJ54
| | E. disclusaJ54
| | E. echinusJ54
| | E. englerianaJ54
| | E. erlangeriJ54
| | E. evansiiJ54
| | E. excelsaJ54
| | E. franckianaJ54
| | E. fruticosaJ54
| | E. grandialataJ54
| | E. grandicornis [incl. E. breviarticulata, E. grandilobata]J54
| | E. grandidens [incl. E. arborescens, E. magnidens]J54
| | E. griseolaJ54
| | E. handiensis [incl. E. tribuloides]J54
| | E. heterochroma [incl. E. impervia, E. stapfii, E. stuhlmannii]J54
| | E. hottentottaJ54
| | E. inarticulata [incl. E. antiquorum var. minor articulata]J54
| | E. ingens [incl. E. natalensis, E. similis]J54
| | E. kamerunica [incl. E. barteri]J54
| | E. knobeliJ54
| | E. lacteaJ54
| | |--E. l. var. lacteaJ54
| | `--E. l. var. cristataJ54
| | E. ledieniiJ54
| | E. lydenburgensisJ54
| | E. macroglyphaJ54
| | E. neglectaJ54
| | E. neutraJ54
| | E. nubicaJ54
| | E. officinarumJ54
| | E. paganorumJ54
| | E. parciramulosaJ54
| | E. perangustaJ54
| | E. phillipsiaeJ54
| | E. polyacanthaJ54
| | E. pseudocactusJ54
| | E. quadrangularisJ54
| | E. quinquecostataJ54
| | E. reinhardtiiJ54
| | E. resinifera [incl. E. mogadorensis, E. san-salvador]J54
| | E. sekukuniensisJ54
| | E. spiralisJ54
| | E. subsalsa [incl. E. heteracantha]J54
| | |--E. s. var. subsalsaJ54
| | `--E. s. var. kaokoensisJ54
| | E. tenuiramaJ54
| | E. tetragonaJ54
| | E. thiJ54
| | E. tortilisJ54
| | E. triangularisJ54
| | E. trigona [incl. E. hermentiana]J54
| | E. venenataJ54
| | E. virosaJ54
| | |--E. v. var. virosaJ54
| | |--E. v. var. caespitosa Jacobsen 1954J54
| | `--E. v. var. striata Jacobsen 1954J54
| | E. volkmannaeJ54
| | E. waterbergensisJ54
| | E. winkleriJ54
| | E. zoutpansbergensisJ54
| |--E. ser. CompressaeJ54
| | |--E. alcicornisJ54
| | |--E. nyikae [incl. E. bussei]J54
| | `--E. ramipressaJ54
| |--E. ser. GrandifoliaeJ54
| | |--E. neriifoliaJ54
| | | |--E. n. var. neriifoliaJ54
| | | `--E. n. var. cristata non E. lactea var. cristataJ54
| | |--E. nivulia [incl. E. helicothele, E. varians]J54
| | |--E. royleanaJ54
| | |--E. sudanicaJ54
| | |--E. tekeJ54
| | |--E. trapaefoliaJ54
| | `--E. undulatifolia [incl. E. gardenifolia, E. quercifolia]J54
| |--E. ser. ScolopendriaeJ54
| `--E. ser. SplendentesJ54
|--E. sect. GoniostemmaJ54
| |--E. boissieriJ54
| |--E. commersoniiJ54
| |--E. epiphylloidesJ54
| |--E. leuconeuraJ54
| |--E. lophogona [incl. E. fournieri, E. madagascariensis Comm. ms]J54
| |--E. neohumbertiiJ54
| |--E. pyrifoliaJ54
| `--E. viguieriJ54
|--E. sect. MedusaeJ54
| |--E. albertensisJ54
| |--E. argillicolaJ54
| |--E. aridaJ54
| |--E. baliolaJ54
| |--E. bergeri [incl. E. fructuspina, E. parvimamma]J54
| |--E. bergiiJ54
| |--E. bolusiiJ54
| |--E. brakdamensisJ54
| |--E. braunsiiJ54
| |--E. breviramaJ54
| |--E. caput-medusae [incl. E. commelinii, E. fructus-pini, E. medusae, E. tessellata]J54
| |--E. colliculinaJ54
| |--E. confluensJ54
| |--E. crassipesJ54
| |--E. davyiJ54
| |--E. deceptaJ54
| |--E. duseimataJ54
| |--E. esculenta [incl. E. inermis var. laniglans]J54
| |--E. filifloraJ54
| |--E. fortuitaJ54
| |--E. friedrichiaeJ54
| |--E. fusca [incl. E. eendornensis]J54
| |--E. hopetownensisJ54
| |--E. hypogaeaJ54
| |--E. inermis [incl. E. serpentina, E. viperina]J54
| | |--E. i. var. inermisJ54
| | `--E. i. var. huttonaeJ54
| |--E. inornataJ54
| |--E. maleolensJ54
| |--E. marientaliiJ54
| |--E. marlothiana [=E. marlothii]J54
| |--E. melanohydrataJ54
| |--E. muiriJ54
| |--E. multicepsJ54
| |--E. namibensisJ54
| |--E. nelii [incl. E. meyeri]J54
| |--E. orabensisJ54
| |--E. pentopsJ54
| |--E. pseudoduseimataJ54
| |--E. ramiglansJ54
| |--E. rangeanaJ54
| |--E. rudisJ54
| |--E. supernansJ54
| |--E. tuberculata [=Dactylanthes tuberculata]J54
| `--E. tuberculatoidesJ54
|--E. sect. MeleuphorbiaJ54
| |--E. jansenvillensisJ54
| |--E. juglansJ54
| |--E. meloformis [=E. meloniformis; incl. E. falsa, E. infausta, E. pomiformis, E. pyriformis]J54
| |--E. obesaJ54
| | |--E. o. var. obesaJ54
| | `--E. o. × hybrida [E. ferox × E. obesa]J54
| |--E. pseudoglobosa [incl. E. frickiana]J54
| |--E. suzannaeJ54
| |--E. symmetricaJ54
| |--E. tubiglansJ54
| `--E. validaJ54
| |--E. v. var. validaJ54
| `--E. v. var. viridis nec E. atrispina var. viridis nec E. enopla var. viridisJ54
|--E. sect. MonacanthiumJ54
| |--E. darbandensisJ54
| |--E. monacanthaJ54
| |--E. sapiniiJ54
| |--E. unispinaJ54
| `--E. veneniferaJ54
|--E. sect. PseudomedusaeJ54
| |--E. ernestiiJ54
| |--E. flanaganiiJ54
| |--E. franksiaeJ54
| |--E. gatbergensisJ54
| |--E. gorgonisJ54
| |--E. pugniformis [incl. E. caput-medusae var. delta, E. procumbens]J54
| `--E. woodii [incl. E. discolor, E. passa]J54
|--E. sect. PteroneuraeJ54
| |--E. phosphoreaJ54
| |--E. pteroneuraJ54
| |--E. sipolisiiJ54
| `--E. weberbaueriJ54
|--E. (sect. Stachydium) glanduligeraJ54
|--E. sect. TithymalusJ54
| |--E. atropurpureaJ54
| |--E. balsamiferaJ54
| |--E. berthelotiiJ54
| |--E. dendroides [incl. E. divaricata]J54
| |--E. melliferaJ54
| | |--E. m. var. melliferaJ54
| | `--E. m. var. canariensis non E. canariensisJ54
| |--E. orthoclada [incl. E. cyanchoides, E. lohaensis, E. vepretorum]J54
| |--E. piscatoriaJ54
| |--E. puniceaJ54
| |--E. quadrataJ54
| `--E. tuckeyanaJ54
|--E. sect. TreisiaJ54
| |--E. bubalina [incl. E. laxiflora]J54
| |--E. bupleurifolia [=Tithymalus bupleurifolius; incl. E. proteifolia, E. squamosa]J54
| |--E. clandestinaJ54
| |--E. clava [incl. Tithymalus aizoides, E. canaliculata, E. clavata, E. coronata, E. radiata]J54
| |--E. clavarioides [incl. E. basutica]J54
| | |--E. c. var. clavarioidesJ54
| | `--E. c. var. truncataJ54
| |--E. cylindricaJ54
| |--E. gariepina [incl. E. bergeriana]J54
| |--E. halleriJ54
| |--E. hamata [=Dactylanthes hamata; incl. E. cervicornis]J54
| |--E. monteiroi [incl. E. baumii, E. longibracteata]J54
| | |--E. m. ssp. monteiroiCV06
| | `--E. m. ssp. brandbergensisCV06
| |--E. oxystegia [incl. E. stegmatica]J54
| |--E. peltigeraJ54
| |--E. pubiglansJ54
| `--E. schaeferiJ54
`--E. sect. TriacanthiumJ54
|--E. infestaJ54
|--E. triacanthaJ54
`--E. triaculeataJ54
Euphorbia incertae sedis:
E. abramsiana [=Chamaesyce abramsiana]H93
E. acanthothamnosS98
E. acaulisKJ05
E. albomarginata [=Chamaesyce albomarginata]H93
E. alsinifloraLK14
E. amygdaloidesHH03
E. argutaBG96
E. arizonica [=Chamaesyce arizonica]H93
E. armstrongianaLK14
E. atotoLK14
E. australis [=Chamaesyce australis]H90
E. bagaJ54
E. bifidaLK14
E. boopthonaK90
E. brunelliiJ54
E. caducifoliaPP07
E. calyptrataP93
|--E. c. var. calyptrataD17
`--E. c. var. involucrata Battand. 1900D17
E. caperonioidesCV06
E. chamaesyce Linn. 1753SY72
E. chamaesycoidesCV06
E. characiasP93
E. clarkeanaPP07
E. cornutaBG96
E. crenulataH93
E. crispa [=Tithymalus crispus; incl. E. elliptica var. undulata]J54
E. cyathophoraLK14
E. cyparissiasP93
E. cyparissioidesP93
‘Chamaesyce’ dallachyanaH90
E. damaranaCV06
E. davidiiH90
E. deflexa Sibthorp & Smith 1809PL04
E. dentataH93 [=E. enoplea var. dentataJ54, E. heptagona var. dentataJ54]
E. depauperataH90
|--E. d. var. depauperataH90
`--E. d. var. pubescensH90
E. dracunculoidesD17
|--E. d. var. dracunculoidesD17
`--E. d. var. africana Rikli & Schröter 1912D17
E. drummondiiLK14 [=Chamaesyce drummondiiH90]
E. dulcisC55
E. ecklonii [=Tithymalus ecklonii; incl. E. pistiaefolia]J54
E. epithymoidesDL07
E. eremophila [=E. tannensis ssp. eremophila]H90
E. erianthaH93
E. espinosa [incl. E. gynophora]J54
E. esulaC55
E. eustacei [incl. E. hystrix]J54
E. exiguaPT98
E. exstipulataH93
E. falcataH90
E. fasciculataJ54
E. fendleri [=Chamaesyce fendleri]H93
E. flamandi Battand. 1900D17
E. fleckiiJ54
E. frutescensJ54
E. geniculataSS72
E. giessiiCV06
E. glauca Forst. f. 1786A61
E. glebulosaD17
E. glyptosperma [=Chamaesyce glyptosperma]H93
E. granulataPP07
|--E. g. f. granulataD17
`--E. g. f. glaberrimaD17
E. gueinziiJ54
E. guerichiana [incl. E. commiphora]J54
E. guyonianaP93
E. helioscopiaC06
E. heterophyllaLK14
E. heyneanePP07
E. himalayensisO88
E. hirtaLK14 [=Chamaesyce hirtaACW01]
E. hooveri [=Chamaesyce hooveri]H93
E. hypericifoliaC06 [=Chamaesyce hypericifoliaJ87]
‘Chamaesyce’ hyssopifoliaMM96
E. incisaH93
E. indicaPP07
E. insarmentosaCV06
E. kimberleyensisLK14
E. lathyrusH90
E. lavraniCV06
E. leistneriCV06
E. leucocephalaMM96
E. loricata [incl. E. armata]J54
E. macgillivrayi [=Chamaesyce macgillivrayi]H90
E. maculata [=Chamaesyce maculata; incl. E. supina]H93
E. marginataH90
E. matabelensis [incl. E. jaegeriana]J54
E. melanadenia [=Chamaesyce melanadenia]H93
E. micromera [=Chamaesyce micromera]H93
E. miliiH90
E. miseraH93
E. mitchellianaLK14
E. monticolaBG96
E. multifidaJ54
E. multifoliaJ54
E. multiramosaJ54
E. myrtoidesLK14
E. namaquensisJ54
E. namuskluftensisCV06
E. nicaeensisF05
E. nutans [=Chamaesyce nutans]H93
E. oblongataH93
E. ocellata [=Chamaesyce ocellata]H93
|--E. o. var. ocellataH93
|--E. o. var. arenicola [=Chamaesyce ocellata ssp. arenicola]H93
`--E. o. var. rattanii [=Chamaesyce ocellata ssp. rattanii]H93
E. orbiculata H. B.K. 1817 (see below for synonymy)SY72
E. origanoidesC55 [=Chamaesyce origanoidesC79]
E. otjipembanaCV06
E. ovalifoliaC06
E. pachypodioides [incl. E. antankara]J54
E. palmeriH93
E. palustrisZB01
E. paraliasP93
E. parishii [=Chamaesyce parishii]H93
E. parryi [=Chamaesyce parryi]H93
E. parvicarunculaH90
E. pediculifera [=Chamaesyce pediculifera]H93
E. peploidesBG96
E. peplus Linnaeus 1753PL04
E. pergracilisCV06
E. phylloclada [incl. E. hereroensis]J54
E. piluliferaC55
E. planiticolaH90
E. platyphyllosC55
E. platysperma [=Chamaesyce platysperma]H93
E. plumerioidesLK14
E. poissoniJ54
E. polycarpa [=Chamaesyce polycarpa; incl. C. polycarpa var. hirtella]H93
E. polygonifoliaV72
E. pondiiM69
E. portlandicaV09
E. prostrata Ait. 1789H93, SY72 [=Chamaesyce prostrataH93]
E. pseudohypogaeaJ54
E. pseudotuberosaJ54
E. pulcherrima [=Poinsettia pulcherrima]T-W89
E. restituta [incl. E. graveolens]J54
E. revoluta [=Chamaesyce revoluta]H93
E. salicifoliaC55
E. schizolepisLK14
E. schoenlandiiJ54
E. schultziiLK14
E. serpens [=Chamaesyce serpens]H93
E. serpyllifolia [=Chamaesyce serpyllifolia]H93
|--E. s. var. serpyllifoliaH93
`--E. s. var. hirtula [=Chamaesyce serpyllifolia ssp. hirtula]H93
E. serrataH93
E. setiloba [=Chamaesyce setiloba]H93
E. sharkoensisKM08
E. silenifolia [=Tithymalus silenifolius; incl. E. elliptica]J54
E. sparrmanii [=Chamaesyce sparrmanii]H90
E. spartariaCV06
E. spathulataH93
E. steveniiH90
E. stracheyiO88
E. tannensisLK14
E. taurinensisPT98
E. terracinaP93
E. thymifoliaPP07 [=Chamaesyce thymifoliaH90]
E. trichadenia [incl. E. benguelensis, E. gossweileri, E. subfalcata]J54
E. tuberosaJ54
E. vallis-mortae [=Chamaesyce vallis-mortae]H93
E. variegataPT01
E. virgataA78
E. wheeleri [=Chamaesyce wheeleri]H90
E. pedilanthoides groupJ54
|--E. biaculeataJ54
`--E. pedilanthoidesJ54
E. perrieri groupJ54
|--E. caput-aureumJ54
|--E. croizatiJ54
|--E. didiereoidesJ54
|--E. guillauminianaJ54
`--E. perrieriJ54
|--E. p. var. perrieriJ54
`--E. p. var. elongataJ54
Euphorbia fimbriata [incl. E. enneagona, E. latimammillaris, E. platymammillaris, E. scopoliana, E. mammillaris var. spinosior]J54
Euphorbia orbiculata H. B.K. 1817 [incl. E. bombaiensis Santapau 1955, E. microphylla Heyne ex Roth 1821 non Lamk. 1788]SY72
*Type species of generic name indicated
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