Belongs within: Craniata.
Contains: Antiarchi, Arthrodira, Ptyctodontidae, Acanthodii, Actinopterygii, Sarcopterygii.
The Gnathostomata includes the jawed vertebrates, which first appeared in the Upper Silurian (Bond 1996).
Synapomorphies (from Bond 1996): Jaws present; gill tissue, branchial arteries and branchial nerves external to gill arches; pectoral and pelvic fins present; three semicircular canals present; branchial skeleton not fused to neurocranium; notochord partially or completely replaced by vertebrae.
<==Gnathostomata [Dolichothoraci, Placodermi, Placodermomorphi] | i. s.: Eleochera Sansom & Smith 2005SS05 | `--*E. glossa Sansom & Smith 2005SS05 | ‘Gyracanthus’ eastmani Wells 1944TBW05 | Myducosteus anmaensisBST02 | Stensioella [Stensioellida, Stensioellidae]G93 | `--S. heintzi Broili 1933G93 | Pseudopetalichthys [Paraplesiobatidae, Pseudopetalichthyida]G93 | `--P. problematicus Moy-Thomas 1939 (see below for synonymy)G93 |--Asterosteidae [Gemuendinida, Rhenanida, Rhenaniformes]SJ03 | |--Gemuendina stuertzi Traquair 1903G93 | `--Jagorina pandora Jaekel 1921G93 `--+--AntiarchiSJ03 `--+--ParayunnanolepisZY13 `--+--Acanthothoraci [Acanthothoraciformes, Palaeacanthaspidoidei]BLT98 | |--Brindabellaspis Young 1980ZY13, BLT98 [Brindabellaspida, Brindabellaspidae] | | `--*B. stensioi Young 1980BLT98 | `--PalaeacanthaspidaG93 | |--Kolymaspis [Kolymaspididae]G93 | | `--K. siberica Bystrow 1956G93 | |--WeejasperaspidaeG93 | | |--Weejasperaspis gavini White 1978Y81 | | `--MurrindalaspisG93 | | |--M. bairdi Long 1984B99 | | `--M. wallacei Long 1984B99 | |--RadotinidaeG93 | | |--Kosoraspis peckai Gröss 1959G93 | | `--RadotinaG93 | | |--R. kosorensis Gröss 1950G93 | | `--R. tuberculata Gross 1958G93 | `--PalaeacanthaspididaeG93 | |--Kimaspis tienshanica Mark-Kurik 1973G93 | |--Palaeacanthaspis vasta Brotzen 1934G93 | |--Dobrowlania podolica Stensiö 1944G93 | |--Romundina stellina Ørvig 1975ZY13, G93 | `--Breizosteus armoricensis Goujet 1980G93 `--+--Petalichthyida [Petalichthyiformes]SJ03 | | i. s.: EurycaraspisZY13 | | Widjeaspis warrooensis Young 1978Y81 | |--QuasipetalichthyidaeG93 | | |--Quasipetalichthys haikoyensis Liu 1973G93 | | |--Neopetalichthys yanmenpaensis Liu 1973G93 | | `--LatipetalichthysG93 | `--MacropetalichthyidaeJP96 | |--Wijdeaspis arctica (Ørvig 1957)JP97 | |--Macropetalichthys rapheidolebis (Stensiö 1925)ZY13, JP97 | |--Xinanpetalichthys shedaowanensis P’an & Wang 1978G93 | |--Lunaspis broilii (Gross 1961)JP97 | |--Notopetalichthys hillsi Woodward 1941JP97, F71 | |--Epipetalichthys wildungensis Stensiö 1925G93 | |--Sinopetalichthys kueiyangensisJP97 | |--Shearsbyaspis oepiki (Young 1985)JP97 | |--Diandongpetalichthys liaojiaoshanensis P’an & Wang 1978G93 | `--Guangxipetalichthys Ji & Pan 1997JP97 | |--*G. bobaiensis Ji & Pan 1997JP97 | `--G. tiaomajianensis Ji & Pan 1997JP97 `--+--ArthrodiraZY13 `--+--PtyctodontidaeSJ03 `--+--Entelognathus Zhu, Yu et al. 2013ZY13 | `--*E. primordialis Zhu, Yu et al. 2013ZY13 `--Osteichthyomorpha [Teleostomi]S85 | i. s.: Wak sinaNM72 | Harpodon nehereusNM72 |--AcanthodiiZY13 `--+--Lophosteus Pander 1856ZZ09, BT12 [Lophosteiformes] | |--L. incrementus Burrow 1995BT12 | `--L. superbusBB07 `--+--Andreolepis hedei Gross 1968ZZ09, BMM02 `--+--Naxilepis gracilisBT12, ZZ09 `--+--Terenolepis turneraeBT12 `--+--Dialipina salgueiroensisDFC12, ZZ09 `--+--LigulalepisDFC12 | |--L. toombsi Schultze 1968Y81 | `--L. yunnanensisZZ09 `--Osteichthyes [Euosteichthyes, Euteleostomi]ZY13 |--ActinopterygiiZZ09 `--SarcopterygiiZZ09
Pseudopetalichthys problematicus Moy-Thomas 1939 [incl. Nessariostoma granulosum Broili 1933, Paraplesiobatus heinrichsi Broili 1933]G93
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[B99] Basden, A. 1999. Emsian (Early Devonian) microvertebrates from the Buchan and Taemas areas of southeastern Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 57: 15–21.
[BMM02] Blom, H., T. Märss & C. G. Miller. 2002. Silurian and earliest Devonian birkeniid anaspids from the Northern Hemisphere. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences 92: 263–323.
[BB07] Botella, H., H. Blom, M. Dorka, P. E. Ahlberg & P. Janvier. 2007. Jaws and teeth of the earliest bony fishes. Nature 448: 583–586.
[BST02] Braddy, S. J., P. A. Selden & D. N. Truong. 2002. A new carcinosomatid eurypterid from the Upper Silurian of northern Vietnam. Palaeontology 45 (5): 897–915.
[BLT98] Burrow, C. J., J. A. Long & S. Turner. 1998. Lower Devonian microvertebrates from the Point Hibbs Formation, Tasmania. Alcheringa 22: 9–20.
[BT12] Burrow, C. J., & S. Turner. 2012. Fossil fish taphonomy and the contribution of microfossils in documenting Devonian vertebrate history. In: Talent, J. A. (ed.) Earth and Life: Global biodiversity, extinction intervals and biogeographic perturbations through time pp. 189–223. Springer.
[DFC12] Davis, S. P., J. A. Finarelli & M. I. Coates. 2012. Acanthodes and shark-like conditions in the last common ancestor of modern gnathostomes. Nature 486: 247–250.
[F71] Fletcher, H. O. 1971. Catalogue of type specimens of fossils in the Australian Museum, Sydney. Australian Museum Memoir 13: 1–167.
[G93] Gardiner, B. G. 1993. Placodermi. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 583–588. Chapman & Hall: London.
[JP97] Ji S. & Pan J. 1997. The macropetalichthyids (Placodermi) from Guangxi and Hunan, China. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 35 (1): 18–34.
[NM72] Nair, R. V., & S. L. Mohan. 1972. The deep sea spined dog fish Centrophorus armatus (Gilchrist) (Selachii: Sualidae) from the east coast of India, with a note on its taxonomy. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69 (1): 193–199.
[SS05] Sansom, I. J., & M. P. Smith. 2005. Late Ordovician vertebrates from the Bighorn Mountains of Wyoming, USA. Palaeontology 48 (1): 31–48.
[SJ03] Smith, M. M., & Z. Johanson. 2003. Separate evolutionary origins of teeth from evidence in fossil jawed vertebrates. Science 299: 1235–1236.
[S85] Smithson, T. R. 1985. The morphology and relationships of the Carboniferous amphibian Eoherpeton watsoni Panchen. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 85: 317–410.
[TBW05] Turner, S., C. J. Burrow & A. Warren. 2005. Gyracanthides hawkinsi sp. nov. (Acanthodii, Gyracanthidae) from the Lower Carboniferous of Queensland, Australia, with a review of gyracanthid taxa. Palaeontology 48: 963–1006.
[Y81] Young, G. C. 1981. New Early Devonian brachythoracids (placoderm fishes) from the Taemas-Wee Jasper region of New South Wales. Alcheringa 5: 245–271.
[ZY13] Zhu, M., X. Yu, P. E. Ahlberg, B. Choo, J. Lu, T. Qiao, Q. Qu, W. Zhao, L. Jia, H. Blom & Y. Zhu. 2013. A Sliurian placoderm with osteichthyan-like marginal jaw bones. Nature 502: 188–193.
[ZZ09] Zhu, M., W. Zhao, L. Jia, J. Lu, T. Qiao & Q. Qu. 2009. The oldest articulated osteichthyan reveals mosaic gnathostome characters. Nature 458: 469–474.
Do you know if there's any good recent overview of the origin of gnathostomes available?
Also, where's the chondrichthyans hiding in that dendrogram?
I don't know what the best recent source for early gnathostome stuff is. The chondrichthyans are there, but they're indeed hiding. There's been a few recent studies that have nested the chondrichthyans inside the main bulk of the Acanthodii.
Thanks. So chondrichthyans are osteichthyomorphs? Sounds like the later was given an unfortunate definition …