Belongs within: Gnathostomata.
Contains: Elonichthyiformes, Amphicentridae, Scanilepiformes, Actinopteri.
The Actinopterygii, ray-finned fishes, include fishes in which the external fin is mostly composed of a ray-supported membrane. However, some basal members of this group (such as the modern Polypteridae) retain lobate pectoral fins. Basal ray-finned fishes (including the living Polypteriformes, Acipenseriformes and Holostei) also have a covering of bony ganoid scales, often diamond-shaped and non-overlapping. Many fossil examples of these heavily armoured fishes have previously been classified in the Palaeoniscimorpha, now recognised as paraphyletic to more derived actinopteygians.
The basalmost actinopterygians include the Devonian Cheirolepiformes which retained an appearance similar to related basal fishes in the Sarcopterygii and Acanthodii. The Saurichthyidae were long-bodied, long-jawed predatory fishes known from the late Permian to the mid-Jurassic. The Early Carboniferous Styracopteridae were among the earliest fishes to possess durophagous dentition.
Synapomorphies (Xu & Gao 2011): Extrascapular paired; single pair only of nasal bones; squamosal absent; dentary with enclosed mandibular canal; presupracleithrum present; caudal fin heterocercal, upper caudal fin rays short.
<==Actinopterygii [Palaeoniscimorpha]
|--Meemannia Zhu, Yu et al. 2006GX17, ZY06
| `--*M. eos Zhu, Yu et al. 2006ZY06
`--+--CheirolepiformesTT05
| |--Samarichthys [Karaunguriidae]TT05
| | `--S. luxus Minikh 1990TT05
| |--Boreolepis [Boreolepedidae]TT05
| | |--B. jenseni Aldinger 1937G93
| | `--B. tataricus Esin 1996TT05
| `--Cheirolepis Agassiz 1835XG11, P99 [Cheirolepidae]
| |--C. trailli Agassiz 1835GX17, CDZ93
| `--+--C. canadensis Whiteaves 1881GX17, CDZ93
| `--C. schultzeiGX17
`--+--+--Osorioichthys [Osorioichthyidae]GX17
| | `--O. marginis (Casier 1952)G93
| `--Tegeolepis [Tegeolepididae]GX17
| `--T. clarki (Newberry 1888)G93
`--+--+--MimipiscisGX17
| | |--M. toombsiGX17
| | `--+--M. bartramiGX17
| | `--Gogosardina coatesiGX17
| |--+--Donnrosenia schaefferiGX17
| | `--MimiidaeG93
| | |--Mimia Gardiner & Bartram 1977T99
| | | `--M. toombsi Gardiner & Bartram 1977G93
| | `--Howqualepis rostridens Long 1988GX17, G93
| `--+--Raynerius splendensGX17
| `--StegotrachelidaeG93
| |--Orvikuina Gross 1953G93
| |--Stegotrachelus Woodward & White 1926G93
| | `--S. finlayiGX17
| `--Moythomasia Gross 1950GX17, G93 [incl. Aldingeria Gross 1942T99]
| |--M. durgaringa Gardiner & Bartram 1977T99
| |--M. lineataGX17
| |--M. nitida Gross 1953P99
| `--M. perforataGX17
`--+--+--Woodichthys bearsdeniGX17
| |--Melanecta anneaeGX17
| `--ElonichthyiformesGX17
`--+--Pholidopleuridae [Pholidopleuriformes]G93
| |--Arctosomus sibiricus Berg 1941G93
| |--Pholidopleurus typus Bronn 1858G93
| |--Australosomus Piveteau 1930GX17, G93
| | `--A. kochiGX17
| `--Macroaethes Wade 1932G93
| `--M. brookvalei Wade 1932F71
`--+--+--AmphicentridaeGX17
| `--+--Fouldenia ischipteraGX17
| `--StyracopteridaeG93
| |--Styracopterus Traquair 1895GX17, C93
| | `--S. fulcatus Traquair 1890G93
| |--Whiteichthys Moy-Thomas 1942G93
| `--Chichia gracilis Liu & Wang 1978G93
`--+--+--ScanilepiformesGX17
| `--ActinopteriGX17
`--Saurichthyidae [Belonorhynchidae, Saurichthyiformes]G93
|--Belonorhynchus gigas Woodward 1890F71
|--Eosaurichthys Liu & Wel 1988G93
|--Saurorhynchus brevirostris (Woodward 1895)G93
`--Saurichthys Agassiz 1834GX17, G93
|--S. longidens Agassiz 1834D93
|--S. madagascarensisGX17
`--S. parvidensF71
Actinopterygii incertae sedis:
AmphistichusB02
|--A. argenteusB02
|--A. heermanni Girard 1854DS89
`--A. rhodoterusB78
Eutrigla gurnardusOC03
Spectrunculus grandisOC03
Lepidotus notidanusBO02
Niwaella delicataT90
SqualidusT90
|--S. chankaensisT90
| |--S. c. chankaensisT90
| `--S. c. biwaeT90
|--S. gracilisT90
`--S. japonicusT90
PseudogobioT90
|--P. esocinusT90
`--P. rivularisT90
Leucopsarion petersiT90
HemibarbusT90
|--H. barbusT90
`--H. longirostrisT90
Biwa zezeraT90
Pungtungia herziT90
Ischikauia steenackeriT90
Chirolophus nugatorB96
Haplopagrus guentheriB96
Pyrrhulina filamentosaB96
Xenocharax spilurusB96
Genyonemus lineatusB96
Tautagolabrus adspersusB96
Xererpes fucorumB96
Mylopharyngodon piceusB96
SalminusPRB10
|--S. brevidensPRB10
`--S. maxillosusB96
Steindachnerella Eiglemann 1897B78
Neoclinus blanchardiB78
Damalichthys vaccaB78
Pahaerodon furcatusB78
Apomotis cyanellusD51
Clevelandia iosCH97
Lionurus carapinusCH97
Usclasichthys Heyler 1977P99
`--*U. macrodens Heyler 1977P99
Gyrolepis Agassiz 1833P99
Crinodus lophodonCC98
Zalembius rosaceusAFL84
Leptatherina wallaceiMG06
Eleginus navagaW81
Horalabiosa joshuaiAJ02
Sillaginodes punctatusS45
Limichthys polyactisHS01
Parika scaberHS01
Obliquichthys maryannaeHS01
Grahamina capitoHS01
Notoclinops segmentatusHS01
Ruanoho wheroHS01
Trachylochismus melobesiaHS01
Hymenophysa curtaUSDI77
Acanthorutilus handlirschiUSDI77
Moapa coriaceaUSDI77
Probarbus jullieniUSDI77
Plagopterus argentissimusUSDI77
Brazilichthys macrognathus Cox & Hutchinson 1991WO06
SargusPP89
|--S. annularisD56
|--S. rondeletiiPP89
|--S. salvianiD56
`--S. vulgarisD56
CorvinaPP89
|--C. chrysoleucaG66
|--C. nigraPP89
|--C. ronchusG66
`--C. vermicularisG66
Gymnocharacinus bergi Steindachner 1903RGG06
Gymnetrus banksiiT66
Meletta libertatisG66
Plagiogeneion rubiginosusP49
OxygasterPP07
|--O. baccailaPP07 [=Chela bacailaPH72]
`--O. clupeoidesRM72
Catla catlaPP07
MystusCS77
|--M. aorDR72
|--M. cavasiusPP07
|--M. gulioCS77
|--M. seenghalaDR72
`--M. vittatus (Bloch 1794)KC-L22
Gadusia chaptraPP07
PoeciliopsM68
|--P. formosaM68
|--P. latipinnaM68
`--P. sphenopsM68
Discordichthyidae [Discordichthyiformes]TT05
|--Discordichthys spinifer (Minikh 1998)TT05
`--GeryonichthysTT05
|--G. burchardi Minikh 1998TT05
`--G. longus Minikh 1998TT05
Auchenoceros punctatusH01
Pseudophycis bachusH01
Austrophycis marginataH01
Lepidorhynchus denticulatusH01
Amphichthys cryptocentrus Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes 1837BC01
Joturus pichardiR86
Polysteganus caeruleopunctatus Klunzinger 1871S63
Pneumatophorus grexP61
MollienisiaF16b
|--M. latipinnaF15
`--M. sphenopsF16b
EupomotisCS77
|--E. gibbosusCS77
`--E. holbrookiF15
Hepatus Gronow 1765 [incl. Teuthis Linnaeus 1766, Theutis]JR10
|--H. bahianusF16b
|--H. celebicusJR10
|--H. coeruleusF16b
|--H. elongatusJR10
|--H. hepatusF15
|--H. matoidesJR10
`--H. olivaceusJR10
Glaridichthys uninotatusF15
VomerF16b
|--V. setapinnisF16b
`--V. spixiiF15
BathystomaF16b
|--B. rimatorF16b
`--B. striatumF16b
Priapichthys annectensF15
Coptostomobarbus vitteiCS77
Lophopsetta maculataF16a
Pygosteus pungitiusF16a
Lasiancistrus guacharote [=Ancistrus guacharote; incl. A. trinitatis Regan 1906]F16b
Odontostilbe pulcher (Gill 1858) [=Poecilurichthys pulcher, Chirodon pulcher]F16b
Stevardia altipinnis Gill 1858 (see below for synonymy)F16b
Hoploerythrinus unitaeniatus [=Erythrinus unitaeniatus; incl. E. cinereus Gill 1858]F16b
Seserinus paruF16b
Petrometopon cruentatusF16b
|--P. c. cruentatusF16b
`--P. c. coronatus [=Serranus coronatus; incl. Epinephelus guttatus Boulenger 1895]F16b
Eudulus auriga [=Serranus auriga]F16b
BrachygenysF16b
|--B. chrysargyreus (Günther 1859) [=Haemulon chrysargyreum]F16b
`--B. rimatorF16b
Corvula subaequalis [incl. C. sanctaeluciae Jordan 1889]F16b
Philypnus dormitorF16b
Alphestes chloropterus [incl. Epinephelus afer Boulenger 1895]F16b
Angelichthys isabelitaF16b
Colocopus lambdurus Gill 1884JR10
Porocottus allisiSSE10
Opisthocentrus ocellatusSSE10
Davidijordania lacertinaSSE10
Cuneoganthus gerdineriGX17
Krasnoyarichthys jesseniGX17
Limnomis delayniGX17
Novagonatodus kasantsevaeGX17
Paedocypris progeneticaSBM11
Vallecillichthys multivertebratumVF21
Robertichthys riograndensisVF21
EsomusRS72
|--E. altus [=E. danrica var. alta]RS72
`--E. danricusRS72 [=E. danricaPH72]
|--E. d. danricusRS72
|--E. d. jabalpurensis Rao & Sharma 1972RS72
`--E. d. malabaricusRS72
Amblypharyngodon molaPH72
Eutroplus suratensisRM72
Potamalosa novahollandiaeO97
Amphacanthus hexagonatusO97
Batrachus trispinosusO97
Crepidogaster tasmaniensisO97
Odontesthes bonariensisPRB10
Cheirodon interruptusPRB10
Oligosarcus jenynsiiPRB10
Piaractus mesopotamicus (Holmberg 1887)KC-L22
Platynematichthys notatus (Jardine 1841)KC-L22
Platystomatichthys sturio (Kner 1858)KC-L22
Psalidodon paranae (Eigenmann 1914)KC-L22
Plicofollis argyropleuron (Valenciennes 1840)KC-L22
Hassar orestis (Steindachner 1875)KC-L22
Pterodoras granulosus (Valenciennes 1821)KC-L22
Trachydoras paraguayensis (Eigenmann & Ward 1907)KC-L22
Platysilurus mucosus (Vaillant 1880)KC-L22
Pethia ticto (Hamilton 1822)KC-L22
Luciobarbus graellsii (Steindachner 1866)KC-L22
Rhinelepis aspera Spix & Agassiz 1829KC-L22
Nemapteryx caelata (Valenciennes 1840)KC-L22
Limnotrissa miodon (Boulenger 1906)KC-L22
Rocio octofasciata (Regan 1903)KC-L22
Ratabulus megacephalus (Tanaka 1917)KC-L22
Aguarunichthys torosus Stewart 1986KC-L22
Sargodon tomicus [incl. Sphaerodus minimus]D93
Novaculoides macrolepidotus (Bloch 1791)MM14
Arcygobius baliurus (Valenciennes 1837)MM14
Trigonostigma heteromorphaICZN10
Paranotothenia magellanica [incl. Notothenia macrocephalus]BC02
Lythrypnus dalliW73
Stevardia altipinnis Gill 1858 [incl. Corynopoma riisei Gill 1858, C. riisii, Nematopoma searlesii Gill 1858, C. veedoni Gill 1858]F16b
*Type species of generic name indicated
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