Belongs within: Picinae.
Contains: Melanerpes, Picoides, Yungipicus, Dendropicos, Dendrocopos, Veniliornis, ‘Picoides’ villosus, ‘Picus’ minor.
The Melanerpini are a clade of woodpeckers found in Eurasia and the Americas. Representatives are commonly patterned in black and white, often with areas of red and/or yellow. The bill is typically long and pointed or chisel-tipped. Members of the genera Melanerpes and Sphyrapicus often include fruits and/or sap in their diet.
Melanerpini [Dendrocopini, Dryobatini, Picoidini]SF17
|--+--MelanerpesSF17
| `--Sphyrapicus Baird 1858BKB15, S05
| |--S. thyroideus (Cassin 1851)BKB15, WC02 [=Picus thyroideusWC02]
| | |--S. t. thyroideusWC02
| | `--S. t. nataliae (Malherbe 1854)WC02
| `--+--S. varius (Linné 1766)JT12, S05 (see below for synonymy)
| `--+--S. nuchalis Baird 1858JT12, WC02 [=S. varius var. nuchalisWC02]
| `--S. ruber (Gmelin 1788)JT12, WC02 [=Picus ruberWC02]
| |--S. r. ruberWC02
| `--S. r. daggetti Grinnell 1901WC02
`--+--+--PicoidesSF17
| `--+--‘Dendrocopos’ kizuki (Temminck 1835)BKB15, WC02 (see below for synonymy)
| | |--D. k. kizukiWC02
| | |--D. k. amamii (Kuroda 1922)WC02
| | |--D. k. ijimae (Takatsukasa 1922)WC02
| | `--D. k. seebohmi (Hargitt 1884)WC02
| `--+--‘Dendrocopos’ maculatus (Scopoli 1786)BKB15, WC02 (see below for synonymy)
| | |--D. m. maculatusWC02
| | |--D. m. fulvifasciatus (Hargitt 1881)WC02
| | `--D. m. validirostris (Blyth 1849)WC02
| `--YungipicusSF17
`--+--+--DendropicosBKB15
| `--+--Leiopicus mahrattensisSF17
| `--DendrocoptesSF17
| |--D. mediusSF17
| `--+--D. auricepsSF17
| `--D. doraeSF17
`--+--DendrocoposJT12
`--+--+--VeniliornisBKB15
| `--+--‘Picoides’ borealis (Vieillot 1807)BKB15, WC02 (see below for synonymy)
| `--+--‘Picoides’ fumigatusBKB15
| `--+--‘Picoides’ villosusBKB15
| `--+--‘Picoides’ albolarvatus (Cassin 1850)BKB15, WC02 [=Leuconerpes albolarvatusWC02]
| | |--P. a. albolarvatusWC02
| | `--P. a. gravirostris (Grinnell 1902)WC02
| `--+--‘Picoides’ arizonae (Hargitt 1886)BKB15, WC02 [=P. stricklandi arizonaeWC02]
| `--+--LeuconotopicosSF17
| | |--L. borealisSF17
| | `--+--L. villosusSF17
| | `--+--+--L. albolarvatusSF17
| | | `--L. fumigatusSF17
| | `--+--L. arizonaeSF17
| | `--L. stricklandi (Malherbe 1845)SF17, WC02 (see below for synonymy)
| | |--L. s. stricklandiWC02
| | `--‘Picoides’ s. fraterculus (Ridgway 1887)WC02
| `--Xiphidiopicus Bonaparte 1854BKB15, WC02
| `--X. percussus (Temminck 1826)WC02 [=Picus percussusWC02, Chryserpes percussusSF17]
| |--X. p. percussus [incl. X. cocoensis, X. monticola]WC02
| `--X. p. insulaepinorum Bangs 1910 [incl. X. gloriae, X. marthae]WC02
`--+--+--‘Picus’ minorBKB15
| `--Dryobates Boie 1826SF17, B94
| |--+--D. cathphariusSF17
| | `--D. minorSF17
| `--+--D. pubescens (Linnaeus 1766)SF17, WC02 (see below for synonymy)
| | |--D. p. pubescensWC02
| | |--‘Picoides’ p. gairdnerii (Audubon 1839)WC02
| | |--‘Picoides’ p. glacialis (Grinnell 1910)WC02
| | |--‘Picoides’ p. leucurus (Hartlaub 1852)WC02
| | |--‘Picoides’ p. medianus (Swainson 1832)WC02
| | `--‘Picoides’ p. turati (Malherbe 1861)WC02
| `--+--D. nuttalliiSF17
| `--D. scalarisSF17
`--+--‘Picoides’ nuttallii (Gambel 1843)BKB15, WC02 [=Picus nuttaliiWC02]
`--‘Picoides’ scalaris (Wagler 1829)BKB15, WC02 (see below for synonymy)
|--P. s. scalarisWC02
|--P. s. cactophilus (Oberholser 1911)WC02
|--P. s. eremicus (Oberholser 1911)WC02
|--P. s. graysoni (Baird 1874)WC02
|--P. s. leucoptilurus (Oberholser 1911)WC02
|--P. s. lucasanus (Baird 1859)WC02
|--P. s. parvus (Cabot 1845)WC02
`--P. s. sinaloensis (Ridgway 1887)WC02
‘Dendrocopos’ kizuki (Temminck 1835)BKB15, WC02 [=Picus kizukiWC02, Picoides kizukiT89; incl. Dendrocopos acutirostrisWC02, D. kotatakiWC02, D. kurilensisWC02, D. matsudairaiWC02, D. nigrescensWC02, D. nipponWC02, D. oriiWC02, D. permutatusWC02, D. shikokuensisWC02, D. wilderiWC02]
‘Dendrocopos’ maculatus (Scopoli 1786)BKB15, WC02 [=Picus maculatusWC02, Picoides maculatusWC02; incl. Dendrocopos apoWC02, D. leytensisWC02, D. menageiWC02, D. siasiensisWC02]
Dryobates pubescens (Linnaeus 1766)SF17, WC02 [=Picus pubescensWC02, Dendrocopos pubescensFP64, Picoides pubescensBKB15; incl. Picoides microleucusWC02, Picoides nelsoniWC02]
Leuconotopicos stricklandi (Malherbe 1845)SF17, WC02 [=Picus (Leuconotopicus) stricklandiWC02, Picoides stricklandiWC02; incl. Picoides aztecusWC02, Picoides websteriWC02]
‘Picoides’ borealis (Vieillot 1807)BKB15, WC02 [=Picus borealisWC02, Dendrocopos borealisUSDI77; incl. Picoides hylonomusWC02]
‘Picoides’ scalaris (Wagler 1829)BKB15, WC02 [=Picus scalarisWC02; incl. Picoides azelusWC02, Picoides centrophilusWC02, Picoides giraudiWC02, Picoides percusWC02, Picoides ridgwayiWC02, Picoides symplectusWC02]
Sphyrapicus varius (Linné 1766)JT12, S05 [=Picus variusS05, P. (Dendrocopus) variusS05, Sphyropicus variusS05; incl. Sphyrapicus appalachiensisWC02]
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[B94] Bock, W. J. 1994. History and nomenclature of avian family-group names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 222: 1–281.
[BKB15] Burleigh, J. G., R. T. Kimball & E. L. Braun. 2015. Building the avian tree of life using a large-scale, sparse supermatrix. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 53–63.
[FP64] Fisher, J., & R. T. Peterson. 1964. The World of Birds: A comprehensive guide to general ornithology. Macdonald: London.
[JT12] Jetz, W., G. H. Thomas, J. B. Joy, K. Hartmann & A. Ø. Mooers. 2012. The global diversity of birds in space and time. Nature 491: 444–448.
[S05] Schalow, H. 1905. Die Vögel der Arktis. In: Römer, F., & F. Schaudinn (eds) Fauna Arctica. Eine Zusammenstellun der arktischen Tierformen, mit besonder Berücksichtigung des Spitzbergen-Gebietes auf Grund der Ergebnisse der Deutschen Expedition in das Nördliche Eismeer im Jahre 1898 vol. 4 pp. 79–288. Gustav Fischer: Jena.
[SF17] Shakya, S. B., J. Fuchs, J.-M. Pons & F. H. Sheldon. 2017. Tapping the woodpecker tree for evolutionary insight. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 116: 182–191.
[T89] Takeshita, N. 1989. Nihon no Yachoo. Kogakukan: Tokyo.
[USDI77] United States Department of the Interior. 1977. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants—republication of list of species. Federal Register 42: 36420–36431.
[WC02] Winkler, H., & D. A. Christie. 2002. Family Picidae (woodpeckers). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & J. Sargatal (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 7. Jacamars to Woodpeckers pp. 296–555. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.