Belongs within: Diaphoretickes.
Contains: Proteorhodophytina, Florideophycidae, Bangiales.
The Rhodophyta, red algae, are a major group of aquatic photosynthetic organisms. Many red algae are multicellular (forming the clade Eurhodophytina) but the taxon also includes a number of unicellular or filamentous lineages. Cells lack cilia and associated organelles at all stages of the life cycle (Adl et al. 2019). Basal lineages include the Cyanidiales, unicellular forms found in acidic and high temperature environments, some of which are facultative heterotrophs (Adl et al. 2019).
Characters (Adl et al. 2019): Red algae without ciliated stages, and without centrioles, or basal bodies, or other 9 + 2 microtubular structures—presence of polar rings instead; two-membraned simple chloroplasts, unstacked thylakoids with phycobilisomes, and chlorophyll a only, lacking external endoplasmic reticulum; cytoplasmic carbohydrate reserve floridean starch; chromosomal and interzonal microtubules not converging towards polar rings, so spindle poles very broad; telophase spindle and nuclear envelope persisting with closed mitosis surrounded by perinuclear endoplasmic reticulum; cell wall of cellulose; cells in filamentous forms linked by pit plugs, formed between cells after incomplete cell division; sexual reproduction typically oogamous; triphasic life history common.
<==Rhodophyta [Bangiophycidae, Rhodophyceae, Rhodophycophyta, Rhodoplantae]YM06
|--Cyanidiales [Cyanidiophyceae, Cyanidiophyta, Cyanidiophytina]YM06
| | i. s.: Cyanidiococcus yangmingshanensisTS25
| |--CyanidiaceaeYM06
| | |--Cyanidium caldariumYM06
| | `--+--Cyanidioschyzon merolaeYM06
| | `--'Galdieria’ maximaYM06
| `--Galdieria [Galdieriaceae]YM06
| | i. s.: G. merolaeC-SCL15
| |--G. sulphurariaYM06
| `--+--G. daedalaYM06
| `--G. partitaYM06
`--RhodophytinaYM06
|--ProteorhodophytinaAB19
`--Eurhodophytina [Macrorhodophytina]AB19
|--FlorideophycidaeC-SCL15
`--BangiophyceaeAH76
|--BangialesC-S98
`--Goniotrichaceae [Goniotrichales]AH76
|--Goniotrichum Kützing 1843AH76
| `--G. cornu-cervi (Reinsch) Hauck 1885 [=Stylonema cornu-cervi Reinsch 1875]AH76
|--Goniotrichopsis Smith 1943AH76
| `--G. sublittoralis Smith 1943AH76
`--Asterocytis (Hansgirg) Schmitz 1896AH76
`--A. ramosa (Thwaites) Schmitz 1896 [=Hormospora ramosa Thwaites 1849]AH76
Rhodophyta incertae sedis:
Schottera nicaeensisW03
Californiella Poncet 1987VH01
GymnocodiaceaeVH01
|--Corallinites galaxauraE56
|--GymnocodiumVH01
| |--G. bellerophontisE56
| |--G. exile Mu 1981VH01
| `--G. nummuliticumE56
`--Permocalculus Elliott 1955E56
|--P. digitatusE56
|--P. iagifuensis Simmons & Johnston 1991EB93
|--P. inopinatus Elliott 1956E56
|--P. solidusE56
`--P. tenellusEB93
‘Diplocystis’ Agardh 1896 nec Berkeley & Curtis 1869 nec Künstler 1887 (ICZN)FT93
Cruoriella Crouan 1859K98
`--C. japonica (Segawa) Denizot 1968 [=Cruoriopsis japonica Segawa 1941]K98
Cruoriopsis aestuariiK98
‘Pustularia’ Vologdin 1955 nec Swainson 1840 (ICZN) nec Bonord. 1851 nec Gray 1858 (ICZN) nec Fuckel 1870G79
`--*P. taeniata Vologdin 1955G79
Rubellophyton Vologdin 1966G79
`--*R. rameus Vologdin 1966G79
Wurdemannia miniataN10
Curdiea racovitzaeN10
Alsidium helminthochortonPP64
Halophytis incurvusPP64
Callithamniella tinginataPP64
Halarachnion spatulatumPP64
Cordylophora erectaPP64
Rythiphlaca tinctoriaPP64
Calocladia Grev. 1836KC01
Cyanoderma Weber Bosse 1887KC01
Muda Adans. 1763 (n. d.)KC01
Sonderopelta coriaceaBRW98
Corynomorpha Agardh 1872 (nom. cons.) (see below for synonymy)S80
`--*C. prismatica (Agardh) Agardh 1876S80, HS14 [=Dumontia prismatica Agardh 1841S80, *Prismatoma prismaticumS80]
Corynomorpha Agardh 1872 (nom. cons.) [=Acrotylus subg. Prismatoma Agardh 1851, Prismatoma (Agardh) Harvey 1860 (nom. rej.); Corynomorphaceae]S80
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[AH76] Abbott, I. A., & G. J. Hollenberg. 1976. Marine Algae of California. Stanford University Press.
[AB19] Adl, S. M., D. Bass, C. E. Lane, J. Lukeš, C. L. Schoch, A. Smirnov, S. Agatha, C. Berney, M. W. Brown, F. Burki, P. Cárdenas, I. Čepička, L. Chistyakova, J. del Campo, M. Dunthorn, B. Edvardsen, Y. Eglit, L. Guillou, V. Hampl, A. A. Heiss, M. Hoppenrath, T. Y. James, A. Karnkowska, S. Karpov, E. Kim, M. Kolisko, A. Kudryavtsev, D. J. G. Lahr, E. Lara, L. Le Gall, D. H. Lynn, D. G. Mann, R. Massana, E. A. D. Mitchell, C. Morrow, J. S. Park, J. W. Pawlowski, M. J. Powell, D. J. Richter, S. Rueckert, L. Shadwick, S. Shimano, F. W. Spiegel, G. Torruella, N. Youssef, V. Zlatogursky & Q. Zhang. 2019. Revisions to the classification, nomenclature, and diversity of eukaryotes. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 66: 4–119.
[BRW98] Beesley, P. L., G. J. B. Ross & A. Wells (eds) 1998. Fauna of Australia vol. 5. Mollusca: The Southern Synthesis. Part A. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.
[C-S98] Cavalier-Smith, T. 1998. A revised six-kingdom system of life. Biological Reviews 73: 203–266.
[C-SCL15] Cavalier-Smith, T., E. E. Chao & R. Lewis. 2015. Multiple origins of Heliozoa from flagellate ancestors: new cryptist subphylum Corbihelia, superclass Corbistoma, and monophyly of Haptista, Cryptista, Hacrobia and Chromista. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 93: 331–362.
[EB93] Edwards, D., J. G. Baldauf, P. R. Brown, K. J. Dorning, M. Feist, L. T. Gallagher, N. Grambast-Fessard, M. B. Hart, A. J. Powell & R. Riding. 1993. ‘Algae’. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 15–40. Chapman & Hall: London.
[E56] Elliott, G. F. 1956. Galaxaura (calcareous algae) and similar fossil genera. Journal of the Washington Academy of Sciences 46 (11): 341–343.
[FT93] Fensome, R. A., F. J. R. Taylor, G. Norris, W. A. S. Sarjeant, D. I. Wharton & G. L. Williams. 1993. A classification of living and fossil dinoflagellates. Micropaleontology Special Publication 7: i–viii, 1–351.
[G79] Glaessner, M. F. 1979. Precambrian. In: Robison, R. A., & C. Teichert (eds) Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology pt A. Introduction. Fossilisation (Taphonomy), Biogeography and Biostratigraphy pp. A79–A118. The Geological Society of America, Inc.: Boulder (Colorado), and The University of Kansas: Lawrence (Kansas).
[HS14] Huisman, J. M., & A. Sampey. 2014. Kimberley marine biota. Historical data: marine plants. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 84: 45–67.
[K98] Kaehler, S. 1998. The non-coralline epilithic encrusting algae of Hong Kong II: additions and identification. Asian Marine Biology 15: 1–17.
[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi 9th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).
[N10] Norris, J. N. 2010. Marine algae of the northern Gulf of California: Chlorophyta and Phaeophyceae. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 94: 1–276.
[PP64] Peres, J. M., & J. Picard. 1964. Nouveau manuel de bionomie benthique de la mer Mediterranee. Recueil des Travaux de la Station Marine d’Endoume, Bulletin 31 (27): 5–137.
[S80] Silva, P. C. 1980. Remarks on algal nomenclature VI. Taxon 29 (1): 121–145.
[VH01] Vachard, D., M. Hauser, R. Martini, L. Zaninetti, A. Matter & T. Peters. 2001. New algae and problematica of algal affinity from the Permian of the Aseelah Unit of the Batain Plain (East Oman). Geobios 34 (4): 375–404.
[W03] Womersley, H. B. S. 2003. The Marine Benthic Flora of southern Australia. Rhodophyta pt IIID. Ceramiales—Delesseriaceae, Sarcomeniaceae, Rhodomelaceae. Flora of Australia Supplementary Series 18. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra, and the State Herbarium of South Australia: Adelaide.
[YM06] Yoon, H. S., K. M. Müller, R. G. Sneath, F. D. Ott & D. Bhattacharya. 2006. Defining the major lineages of red algae (Rhodophyta). Journal of Phycology 42 (2): 482–492.