Belongs within: Eugnatha.
Contains: Rhinocricus, Dinematocricus, Spirobolus.
The Spirobolida are a group of millipedes with sterna, pleura and terga coalesced into rigid cylindrical rings but remaining discernible by articular sutures. In the family Pachybolidae, the posterior gonopods are large and massive, and usually connected by a prominent sclerotised sternum; in other families, the posterior gonopods are united by connective tissue only. Members of the family Rhinocricidae have a disjunct distribution in Central and northern South America, and from Indonesia and the Philippines to eastern Australia, and include both the smallest and largest of the Spirobolida.
Characters (Hoffman 1990): Body of adults with more than twenty segments; ocellaria basically rounded to round-oval, no transverse suture evident between them; gnathochilarium rectangular with triangular mentum and small distal lingual lamellae; sterna, pleura and terga coalesced into rigid cylindrical rings, but remain distinguished by presence of articular sutures; pair of legs present on segment 3; gonopods composed of both pairs of legs of seventh segment.
<==Spirobolida [Anocheta, Spirobolidea]
| i. s.: EucarliaA27
| ChersastusA27
|--PachybolidaeH02
|--Floridobolus [Floridobolidae]H90
| `--F. penneriH90
|--Plagiascetus [Plagiascetidae]RB93
| `--P. lateralis Hoffman 1963RB93
|--Anthracojulus [Anthracojulidae]RB93
| `--A. pictus Fritsch 1899RB93
|--Nyranius [Nyraniidae]RB93
| |--N. costulatus (Fritsch 1883)RB93
| `--N. tabulatus (Fritsch 1899)RB93
|--XyloiulidaeWA04
| |--Plagioscetus lateralisWA04
| |--Tomiulus angulatus Martynov 1936RB93
| `--XyloiulusWA04
| |--X. moniliformis (Woodward 1905)H00
| `--X. sigillariae (Dawson 1860)RB93
|--RhinocricidaeB13
| |--RhinocricusK55
| |--Perucricus Kraus 1954K54a
| | `--*P. rostratus Kraus 1954K54a
| |--EurhinocricusK54a
| | |--E. angustiramus Kraus 1954K54a
| | `--E. peruvianus Kraus 1954K54a
| `--AnadenobolusBB03
| |--A. excisusBB03
| `--+--A. dissimulansBB03
| `--a. holomelanusBB03
|--Trigoniulinae [Pachybolidae, Spiromimidae, Trigoniulidae]H94
| |--Speleostrophus Hoffman 1994CS13
| | `--*S. nesiotes Hoffman 1994CS13
| |--Allopocockia Brölemann 1914 [incl. Arolus Chamberlin 1922]K54b
| | |--*A. tylopus (Pocock 1908)K54b
| | |--A. atriculaK54b
| | |--A. purulanaK54b
| | `--A. rotunda Kraus 1954K54b
| |--TrigoniulusA27
| | |--T. bitaeniatusA27
| | |--T. burnetticus Attems in Semon 1898B13
| | |--T. comma Attems in Semon 1898B13
| | |--T. corallinusH94
| | |--T. flavipesA27
| | |--T. lissonotus Attems 1927A27
| | |--T. lumbricinusA27
| | |--T. sericatusA27
| | `--T. targionii Silvestri 1897B13
| |--Leptogoniulus sorornusH94
| |--Acanthiulus Gervais 1844H94, B13 [incl. Polybunolobus Pocock 1893B13]
| | |--*A. blainvillei (Le Guillou 1841) (see below for synonymy)B13
| | `--A. murrayi Pocock 1893 [=*Polybunolobus murrayi]B13
| |--Zygostrophus Chamberlin 1920 [incl. Prionopeza Attems 1953]H94
| `--Spirostrophus Saussure & Zehntner 1902A27
| |--*S. naresiiA27
| |--S. ambonensisA27
| |--S. digitulus Brölemann 1913B13 [=Zygostrophus digitulusA27]
| |--S. javanus Chamberlin 1921A27
| |--S. rubripesA27
| |--S. socius Chamberlin 1921A27
| |--S. targionii [=Zygostrophus targionii]A27
| `--S. xanthonotus Attems 1927A27
|--AtopetholidaeH90
| |--Eurelus soleatusH90
| |--Atopetholus californicusH90
| |--WatichelusH90
| |--PiedolusH90
| |--AnelusH90
| |--CentrelusH90
| |--ComanchelusH90
| |--ToltecolusH90
| |--UvaldiaH90
| |--Orthichelus michelbacheri (Verhoeff 1938) (see below for synonymy)C62
| |--Gobiulus sabulosus Dzik 1975RB93
| `--ArinolusH90
| |--A. citrinusC62
| |--A. michelbacheriC62
| |--A. nevadae Chamberlin 1962C62
| `--A. sequens Chamberlin 1962C62
|--TyphlobolellidaeH94
`--SpirobolidaeH90
|--*Epitrigoniulus cruentatus (Brölemann 1902) [=Spirobolellus cruentatus]B13
|--Paraspirobolus Brölemann 1901B13
|--DinematocricusB13
|--Chicobolus spinigerusH90, S96
|--HiltoniusH90
|--TylobolusH90
|--SpirobolusB13
|--Eucentrolobus Pocock 1903B13
| |--*E. tumulusB13
| `--E. maindroni [=Acanthiulus maindroni]B13
|--Pseudospirobolellus Carl 1912B13
| `--*P. bulbiferus (Attems 1907) [=Spirobolellus bulbiferus]B13
|--NarceusH90
| |--N. americanusRS10
| `--N. annularusNS03
|--Spirobolellus Pocock 1894B13
| |--*S. chrysodirus Pocock 1894B13
| |--S. chrysogrammusA27
| `--S. rainbowi Brölemann 1913B13
`--Oxobolus Chamberlin 1922K54b
|--O. distinctus Kraus 1954K54b
|--O. mundus Chamberlin 1953K54b
`--O. santanus Chamberlin 1953K54b
*Acanthiulus blainvillei (Le Guillou 1841) [=Julus blainvillei, Crigoniulus blainvillei; incl. Spirobolus dentatus Daday 1893]B13
Orthichelus michelbacheri (Verhoeff 1938) [=Onychelus michelbacheri, Atopetholus michelbacheri; incl. On. phanus Chamberlin 1941, Orthichelus phanus]C62
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[A27] Attems, C. 1927. Myriopoden von Ambon und anderen Inseln der Banda-See. Zoologische Mededeelingen 10: 61–70.
[BB03] Bond, J. E., D. A. Beamer, M. C. Hedin & P. Sierwald. 2003. Gradual evolution of male genitalia in a sibling species complex of millipedes (Diplopoda: Spirobolida: Rhinocricidae: Anadenobolus). Invertebrate Systematics 17: 711–717.
[B13] Brölemann, H. W. 1913. The Myriapoda in the Australian Museum. Part ii. Diplopoda. Records of the Australian Museum 10 (6): 77–158, pls 14–18.
[CS13] Car, C. A., M. Short, C. Huynh & M. S. Harvey. 2013. The millipedes of Barrow Island, Western Australia (Diplopoda). Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 83: 209–219.
[C62] Chamberlin, R. V. 1962. Millipeds from the Nevada Test Area. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 75: 53–56.
[H00] Hannibal, J. T. 2000. Hexecontasoma, a new helminthomorph millipede (Hexecontasomatidae n. fam.) from the Mazon Creek, Illinois, fauna (Carboniferous, North America). Fragmenta Faunistica 43 (Suppl.): 19–35.
[H90] Hoffman, R. L. 1990. Diplopoda. In: Dindal, D. L. (ed.) Soil Biology Guide pp. 835–860. John Wiley & Sones: New York.
[H94] Hoffman, R. L. 1994. Studies on spiroboloid millipeds. XVIII. Speleostrophus nesiotes, the first known troglobitic spiroboloid milliped, from Barrow Island, Western Australia (Diplopoda: Pachybolidae: Trigoniulinae). Myriapodologica 3 (3): 19–24.
[H02] Hunt, D. J. 2002. The African Rhigonematoidea (Nematoda: Rhigonematida). 1. Trachyglossus quintus gen. n., sp. n. (Xustrostomatidae fam. n.) with redescription of Rhigonema multipapillatum (Skrjabin, 1916) and designation of a neotype. Nematology 4: 671–686.
[K54a] Kraus, O. 1954a. Myriapoden aus Peru, II. Senckenbergiana Biologica 35: 17–55.
[K54b] Kraus, O. 1954b. Myriapoden aus El Salvador. Senckenbergiana Biologica 35 (5–6): 293–349.
[K55] Kraus, O. 1955. Myriapoden aus Peru, III. Senckenbergiana Biologica 36 (3–4): 173–200.
[NS03] Nardi, F., G. Spinsanti, J. L. Boore, A. Carapelli, R. Dallai & F. Frati. 2003. Hexapod origins: monophyletic or paraphyletic? Science 299: 1887–1889.
[RS10] Regier, J. C., J. W. Shultz, A. Zwick, A. Hussey, B. Ball, R. Wetzer, J. W. Martin & C. W. Cunningham. 2010. Arthropod relationships revealed by phylogenomic analysis of nuclear protein-coding sequences. Nature 463: 1079–1083.
[RB93] Ross, A. J., & D. E. G. Briggs. 1993. Arthropoda (Euthycarcinoidea and Myriapoda). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 357–361. Chapman & Hall: London.
[S96] Shelley, R. M. 1996. Book Review: The Biology of Millipedes. Stephen P. Hopkin and Helen J. Read. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (1): 169–172.
[WA04] Wilson, H. M., & L. I. Anderson. 2004. Morphology and taxonomy of Paleozoic millipedes (Diplopoda: Chilognatha: Archipolypoda) from Scotland. Journal of Paleontology 78 (1): 169–184.