Cebinae

 White-faced capuchin Cebus capucinus, photographed by John Pickering.

Belongs within: Platyrrhini.

The Cebinae are the South American monkey subfamily containing the genera Cebus (capuchins) and Saimiri (squirrel monkeys). The capuchins are medium-sized monkeys with prehensile tails, usually mostly black or brown, sometimes with contrasting pale colouration on the face and chest. The squirrel monkeys are small and lightly coloured, and their tails are non-prehensile. Killikaike blakei, described from a fossil skull from the Early Miocene of Argentina, shares an expanded fore brain with modern cebines but had less derived dentition (Tejedor et al. 2006).

Synapomorphies (Horovitz 1999): Vomer exposure present in orbit; M3 shorter than P4; P4 subequal to or wider than M1.

<==Cebinae
    |  i. s.: Killikaike Tejedor, Tauber et al. 2006TT06
    |           `--*K. blakei Tejedor, Tauber et al. 2006TT06
    |--+--Dolichocebus Kraglievich 1974OW06, SM93
    |  |    |--D. gaimanensis Bordas 1942H99
    |  |    `--D. sarmientoiH99
    |  `--+--+--+--Neosaimiri fieldsi Stirton 1951G91, H99
    |     |  |  `--Laventiana annectens Rosenberger et al. 1991H99
    |     |  `--Tremacebus Hershkovitz 1974H99, SM93
    |     |       `--T. harringtoni (Rusconi 1933) [=Homunculus harringtoni]H99
    |     `--Saimiri Voigt 1831OW06, C57 (see below for synonymy)
    |          |--+--S. boliviensis (D’Orbigny 1834)FS15, C57 (see below for synonymy)
    |          |  |    |--S. b. boliviensisG91
    |          |  |    `--S. b. peruviensisG91
    |          |  `--S. vanzoliniiFS15
    |          `--+--S. ustus Geoffroy 1844FS15, C57 (see below for synonymy)
    |             `--+--*S. sciureus (Linnaeus 1758)C57, FS15, C57 (see below for synonymy)
    |                |    |--S. s. sciureus (see below for synonymy)C57
    |                |    |--S. s. albigena (Pusch 1914)G91, C57 [=Cebus (Saimiri) sciureus albigenaC57]
    |                |    |--S. s. cassiquiarensis (Humboldt 1812)G91, C57 (see below for synonymy)
    |                |    |--S. s. collinsi Osgood 1916 [=S. sciurea collinsi]C57
    |                |    |--S. s. macrodon Elliot 1907 (see below for synonymy)C57
    |                |    `--S. s. nigriceps Thomas 1902 (see below for synonymy)C57
    |                `--S. oerstediFS15 [=S. sciureus oerstediiBP87]
    |                     |--S. o. oerstediG91
    |                     `--S. o. citrinellusG91
    `--Cebus Erxleben 1777OW06, C57 (see below for synonymy)
         |  i. s.: C. albus Geoffroy 1812 (n. d.)C57
         |         C. lugubris Erxleben 1777 (n. d.)C57
         |         C. nigrivittatus Wagner 1848 [=C. (Calyptrocebus) nigrivittatus]C57
         |           |--C. n. nigrivittatus (see below for synonymy)C57
         |           |--C. n. apiculatus Elliot 1907 [=C. apella apiculata]C57
         |           |--C. n. brunneus Allen 1914 [=C. apella brunneus]C57
         |           `--C. n. castaneus Geoffroy 1851C57
         |         C. quierozi Mendes Pontes & Malta 2006N10
         |--+--+--*C. capucinus (Linnaeus 1758)C57, FS15, C57 [=Simia capucinaC57]
         |  |  |    |--C. c. capucinus (see below for synonymy)C57
         |  |  |    |--C. c. curtus Bangs 1905C57
         |  |  |    `--C. c. imitator Thomas 1903G91, C57
         |  |  `--C. albifrons (Humboldt 1812)FS15, C57 [=Simia albifronsC57]
         |  |       |--C. a. albifronsC57
         |  |       |--C. a. adustus Hershkovitz 1949C57
         |  |       |--C. a. aequatorialis Allen 1914C57
         |  |       |--C. a. cesarae Hershkovitz 1949C57
         |  |       |--C. a. cuscinus Thomas 1901 [=C. flavescens cuscinus, C. unicolor cuscinus]C57
         |  |       |--C. a. hypoleucus (Humboldt 1812) (see below for synonymy)C57
         |  |       |--C. a. leucocephalus Gray 1865 (see below for synonymy)C57
         |  |       |--C. a. pleei Hershkovitz 1949C57
         |  |       |--C. a. unicolor Spix 1823 (see below for synonymy)C57
         |  |       |--C. a. versicolor Pucheran 1845 [=C. capucinus versicolor]C57
         |  |       `--C. a. yuracus Hershkovitz 1949C57
         |  `--+--C. kaaporiFS15
         |     `--C. olivaceus Schomburgk 1848FS15, C57 [=C. apella olivaceusC57, C. nigrivittatus olivaceusC57]
         `--+--C. apella (Linnaeus 1758)FS15, C57 (see below for synonymy)
            |    |--C. a. apella (see below for synonymy)C57
            |    |--C. a. margaritae Hollister 1914C57
            |    |--C. a. pallidus Gray 1865 [=C. azarae pallidus, C. libidinosus pallidus]C57
            |    |--C. a. paraguayanus Fischer 1829 (see below for synonymy)C57
            |    |--C. a. vellerosus Geoffroy 1851 [=C. (Otocebus) vellerosus]C57
            |    `--C. a. versutus Elliot 1910 [=C. versuta]C57
            `--+--C. xanthosternos Wied 1820FS15, C57 (see below for synonymy)
               `--+--+--C. flavius (Schreber 1788)FS15, C57 [=Simia flaviaC57, Cercopithecus flavusC57]
                  |  `--C. robustus Kuhl 1820FS15, C57 (see below for synonymy)
                  `--+--+--C. cayFS15 [=C. apella cayG91]
                     |  `--C. libidinosus Spix 1823FS15, C57 (see below for synonymy)
                     `--+--C. macrocephalus Spix 1823FS15, C57 (see below for synonymy)
                        `--C. nigritus (Goldfuss 1809)FS15, C57 (see below for synonymy)

Cebus Erxleben 1777OW06, C57 [incl. Calyptrocebus Reichenbach 1862C57, Eucebus Reichenbach 1862C57, Otocebus Reichenbach 1862C57, Pseudocebus Reichenbach 1862C57]

Cebus albifrons hypoleucus (Humboldt 1812) [=Simia hypoleuca; incl. C. apella malitiosus Elliot 1909, C. albifrons malitiosus]C57

Cebus albifrons leucocephalus Gray 1865 non Simia leucocephala Audebert 1797 (not preoc. as in dif. gen.) [=Cebus apella leucocephalus]C57

Cebus albifrons unicolor Spix 1823 [=C. (Pseudocebus) unicolor; incl. C. chrysopus Lesson 1827, C. chysopes Cuvier 1825, C. flavescens Gray 1865, C. capucinus gracilis Spix 1823]C57

Cebus apella (Linnaeus 1758)FS15, C57 [=Simia apellaC57, Callithrix apellaC57, Cebus (Calyptrocebus) apellaC57, Pseudocebus apellaC57]

Cebus apella apella (Linnaeus 1758) [incl. Cebus apella avus Pusch 1941, Cebus barbatus Geoffroy in Humboldt 1812, Cebus buffoni Lesson 1840, Cebus fallax Schlegel 1876, Simia fatuellus Linné 1766, Callithrix fatuellus, Cebus (Otocebus) fatuellus, Cebus (Eucebus) fistulator Reichenbach 1862, Simia (Sapajus) trepidus fluvus Kerr 1792, Cebus grisseus Desmarest 1820, Cebus hypomelas Pucheran 1857, Cebus fatuellus tocantinus Lönnberg 1939, Simia trepida Linné 1766, Cebus fatuellus trepidus]C57

Cebus apella paraguayanus Fischer 1829 [=C. paraguayensis (l. c.), C. (Calyptrocebus) paraguayanus; incl. C. azarae Rengger 1830, C. libidinosus azarai, C. apella chacoensis Pusch 1941, C. elegans Geoffroy 1850, C. apella morrulus Pusch 1941]C57

*Cebus capucinus capucinus (Linnaeus 1758) [incl. C. hypoleucus Geoffroy 1812 non Simia hypoleuca Humboldt 1812, C. hypoleucos, C. (Calyptrocebus) hypoleucus, C. capucinus nigripectus Elliot 1909]C57

Cebus libidinosus Spix 1823FS15, C57 [=C. apella libidinosusC57, C. (Calyptrocebus) libidinosusC57; incl. C. capillatus Gray 1865C57]

Cebus macrocephalus Spix 1823FS15, C57 [=C. (Eucebus) macrocephalusC57, C. apella macrocephalusC57, C. fatuellus macrocephalusC57; incl. C. crassiceps Pucheran 1857C57, C. (E.) crassipes Reichenbach 1862C57, C. libidinosus juruanus Lönnberg 1939C57, C. apella magnus Pusch 1941C57, C. apella maranonis Pusch 1941C57, C. fatuellus peruanus Thomas 1901C57]

Cebus nigritus (Goldfuss 1809)FS15, C57 [=Cercopithecus nigritusC57, Cebus apella nigritusG91; incl. Cebus caliginosus Elliot 1910C57, Simia cirrifera Geoffroy ex Humboldt 1812C57, Cebus cirriferC57, Cebus (Otocebus) cirriferC57, Cebus cristatus Cuvier 1829C57, Cebus frontatus Kuhl 1820C57, Cebus (O.) frontatusC57, Cebus leucogenys Gray 1865C57, Cebus lunatus Kuhl 1820C57, Cebus (Otocebus) lunatusC57, Cebus niger Geoffroy 1812C57, Cebus (O.) nigerC57]

Cebus nigrivittatus nigrivittatus Wagner 1848 [incl. C. annellatus Gray 1865, C. capucinus leporinus Pusch 1941, C. pucheranii Dahlbom 1856]C57

Cebus robustus Kuhl 1820FS15, C57 [=C. apella robustusC57, C. (Eucebus) robustusC57; incl. C. subcristatus Gray 1865C57]

Cebus xanthosternos Wied 1820FS15, C57 [=C. apella xanthosternosC57; incl. C. cucullatus Spix 1823C57, C. (Eucebus) cucullatusC57, C. monachus Cuvier 1820 non Simia monachus Geoffroy ex Humboldt 1812 (not preoc. if in dif. gen.)C57, C. (Eucebus) monachusC57, Simia variegata Geoffroy ex Humboldt 1812 non Kerr 1792C57, C. (Eucebus) variegatusC57, C. xanthocephalus Spix 1823C57]

Saimiri Voigt 1831OW06, C57 [=Saimiris Geoffroy 1843C57; incl. Chrysothrix Kaup 1835C57, Pithesciurus Lesson 1840C57; Saimirinae]

Saimiri boliviensis (D’Orbigny 1834)FS15, C57 [=Callithrix boliviensisC57, S. sciureus boliviensisC57; incl. Ca. entomophagus D’Orbigny 1835C57, Chrysothrix entomophagaC57, Saimiri entomophagusC57, Saimiris entomophagusC57]

*Saimiri sciureus (Linnaeus 1758)C57, FS15, C57 [=Simia sciureaC57, Callithrix sciureusC57, Cebus sciureusC57, Chrysothrix sciureaC57, Ch. sciureusC57, Pithesciurus sciureusC57, Saguinus sciureusC57, Saimiri sciureaC57, Saimiris sciureusC57, Simia (Sapajus) sciurusC57]

Saimiri sciureus cassiquiarensis (Humboldt 1812)G91, C57 [=Simia sciurea cassiquiarensisC57, Saimiri cassaquiarensis (l. c.)C57]

Saimiri sciureus macrodon Elliot 1907 [incl. S. sciureus caquetensis Allen 1916, S. sciurea petrina Thomas 1927]C57

Saimiri sciureus nigriceps Thomas 1902 [=S. boliviensis nigriceps, S. nigripes (l. c.); incl. S. madeirae juruana Lönnberg 1940, S. boliviensis pluvialis Lönnberg 1940]C57

*Saimiri sciureus sciureus (Linnaeus 1758) [incl. Lemur leucopsis Hermann 1804, Saimiris lunulatus Geoffroy 1843, Chrysothrix nigrivittata Wagner 1848, Pithesciurus saimiri Lesson 1840]C57

Saimiri ustus Geoffroy 1844FS15, C57 [=Saimiris ustusC57, Chrysothrix ustusC57, Saimiri sciureus ustusC57; incl. Saimiri sciurea codajazensis Lönnberg 1940C57, Saimiri boliviensis jaburuensis Lönnberg 1940C57, Saimiri madeirae Thomas 1908C57]

*Type species of generic name indicated

References

[BP87] Burton, J. A., & B. Pearson. 1987. Collins Guide to the Rare Mammals of the World. Collins: London.

[C57] Cabrera, A. 1957. Catalogo de los mamiferos de America del Sur. I (Metatheria—Unguiculata—Carnivora). Revista del Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia” e Instituto Nacional de Investigacion de Las Ciencias Naturales, Ciencias Zoológicas 4 (1): 1–307.

[FS15] Faurby, S., & J.-C. Svenning. 2015. A species-level phylogeny of all extant and late Quaternary extinct mammals using a novel heuristic-hierarchical Bayesian approach. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 84: 14–26.

[G91] Groves, C. P. 1991. A Theory of Human and Primate Evolution revised ed. Clarendon Press: Oxford.

[H99] Horovitz, I. 1999. A phylogenetic study of living and fossil platyrrhines. American Museum Novitates 3269: 1–40.

[N10] Naish, D. 2010. Tetrapod Zoology: Book One. CFZ Press: Bideford (UK).

[OW06] Opazo, J. C., D. E. Wildman, T. Prychitko, R. M. Johnson & M. Goodman. 2006. Phylogenetic relationships and divergence times among New World monkeys (Platyrrhini, Primates). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 40 (1): 274–280.

[SM93] Stucky, R. K., & M. C. McKenna. 1993. Mammalia. In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 739–771. Chapman & Hall: London.

[TT06] Tejedor, M. F., A. A. Tauber, A. L. Rosenberger, C. C. Swisher III & M. E. Palacios. 2006. New primate genus from the Miocene of Argentina. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 103: 5437–5441.

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