Belongs within: Panheteroptera.
Contains: Reduviidae, Tingoidea, Miridae, Anthocoridae, Cimicidae, Polyctenidae.
The Cimicomorpha is a group of terrestrial bugs characterised by a reduced number of cells in the forewing membrane, and the reduction of the spermatheca to a vermiform gland (Shcherbakov & Popov 2002). The clade includes both phytophagous (Miridae, Tingoidea) and predatory (Reduviidae, Cimicoidea) representatives. The Reduvioidea usually have a powerful, three-segmented labium that curves away from the ventral surface of the head at rest. Elasmodema is a South American genus of small, flattened reduvioids with a curved, transverse impression between the eyes (Richards & Davies 1977).
Members of the Cimicoidea have a phallus that punctures a membrane in the female abdomen, either puncturing the vaginal walls as in the Nabidae, allowing the sperm to migrate to the ovaries through the haemolymph rather than through the oviduct, or puncturing the abdomen wall externally as in Cimicidae and Anthocoridae, through a process known as traumatic insemination (Grimaldi & Engel 2005). The Nabidae, damsel bugs, are relatively long and slender and mostly larger than other cimicoids. The Velocipedidae are a group of medium-sized oval bugs found in the Oriental region (Richards & Davies 1977).
<==Cimicomorpha [Anthocoroidea] |--ReduvioideaCGW91 | |--PachynomidaeCGW91 | |--ReduviidaeSP02 | `--Elasmodema [Elasmodemidae]RD77 `--+--+--TingoideaSP02 | `--MiroideaCGW91 | |--MiridaeSP02 | `--MicrophysidaeCGW91 `--CimicoideaCGW91 | i. s.: PlokiophilidaeCGW91 | |--PlokiophilinaeR00 | `--Embiophila [Embiophilinae]R00 | `--E. africana [=Acladina africana]R00 | MedocostidaeCGW91 | Electrocoris Usinger 1942P92 |--+--AnthocoridaeG75 | `--+--CimicidaeG75 | `--PolyctenidaeG75 `--+--VelocipedidaeG75 | | i. s.: VelocipedaRD77 | | ScotomedesRD77 | `--DarniopseinaeSP02 `--NabidaeG75 | i. s.: ArachnocorisGE05 | ReduviolusB27 | |--R. biformis Bergroth 1927B27 | |--R. capsiformis [incl. R. saundersi]B27 | |--R. maoricusB27 | |--R. maracandicusB27 | `--R. quadripunctatus Bergroth 1927B27 | Sinanabis brevipes Zhang 1986RJ93 | Himacerus apterusHW96 |--ProstemmatinaeCGW91 | |--PhorticusCGW91 | |--ProstemmaCGW91 | | |--P. guttulaH01 | | `--P. sanguineumH01 | `--AlloeorrhynchusCGW91 | |--A. flavipesWP99 | |--A. flavolimbatusB27 | |--A. myersi Bergroth 1927B27 | `--A. queenslandicusWEE74 `--NabinaeCGW91 |--Arbela telomiCGW91 |--StenonabisCGW91 |--Gorpis [Gorpinae]CGW91 | `--G. cribraticollis Stal 1859K08 `--Nabis Latreille 1802L02 | i. s.: N. brevisH01 | N. capsiformisCGW91 | N. ferusH01 | N. flavomarginatusH01 | N. guttataR26 | N. guttula [=Reduvius guttula]L02 | N. limbatusH01 | N. myrmicoidesBM76 | N. rugosusBM76 `--N. (Tropiconabis)M83 |--N. (T.) kinbergiiM83 `--N. (T.) maoricusM83 Cimicomorpha incertae sedis: Pterocimex [Pterocimicidae]GE05 LygaenocorisGE05 Mesopentacoridae [Protocoridae]GE05 |--MesopentacorisGE05 |--Corienta transbaicalica Popov 1990RJ93 `--Pallicoris firmis Lin 1986RJ93 MiridoidesGE05 ScutelliferGE05 CymocorisGE05 CoriopachysGE05
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
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[BM76] Bohart, R. M., & A. S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid Wasps of the World. University of California Press: Berkeley.
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[GE05] Grimaldi, D., & M. S. Engel. 2005. Evolution of the Insects. Cambridge University Press: New York.
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[K08] Kirkaldy, G. W. 1908. A catalogue of the Hemiptera of Fiji. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 33: 345–391, pl. 4.
[L02] Latreille, P. A. 1802. Histoire Naturelle, générale et particulière des crustacés et des insectes vol. 3. Familles naturelles des genres. F. Dufart: Paris.
[M83] Martin, N. A. 1983. Miscellaneous observations on a pasture fauna: an annotated species list. DSIR Entomology Division Report 3: 1–98.
[P92] Poinar, G. O., Jr. 1992. Life in Amber. Stanford University Press: Stanford.
[RD77] Richards, O. W., & R. G. Davies. 1977. Imms’ General Textbook of Entomology 10th ed. vol. 2. Classification and Biology. Chapman and Hall: London.
[R26] Risso, A. 1826. Histoire naturelle des principales productions de l’Europe méridionale et particulièrement de celles des environs de Nice et des Alpes maritimes vol. 5. F.-G. Levrault: Paris.
[RJ93] Ross, A. J., & E. A. Jarzembowski. 1993. Arthropoda (Hexapoda; Insecta). In: Benton, M. J. (ed.) The Fossil Record 2 pp. 363–426. Chapman & Hall: London.
[R00] Ross, E. S. 2000. Embia: Contributions to the biosystematics of the insect order Embiidina. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences 149: 1–53, 1–36.
[SP02] Shcherbakov, D. E., & Yu. A. Popov. 2002. Superorder Cimicidea Laicharting, 1781: Order Hemiptera Linné, 1758. The bugs, cicadas, plantlice, scale insects, etc. [=Cimicida Laicharting, 1781, =Homoptera Leach, 1815+Heteroptera Latreille, 1810). In: Rasnitsyn, A. P., & D. L. J. Quicke (eds) History of Insects pp. 143–157. Kluwer Academic Publishers: Dordrecht.
[WP99] Walter, D. E., & H. C. Proctor. 1999. Mites: Ecology, Evolution and Behaviour. CABI Publishing: Wallingford (UK).
[WEE74] Woodward, T. E., V. F. Eastop & J. W. Evans. 1974. Hemiptera (bugs, leafhoppers, etc.) In: CSIRO. The Insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers. Supplement 1974 pp. 52–57. Melbourne University Press.