Belongs within: Monandrae.
Contains: Corallorhizinae, Pleurothallidinae, Dendrobieae, Thelasiinae, Gastrodieae, Coelogyninae, Arethuseae, Malaxideae, Cymbidieae, Epidendreae, Eriinae, Vandeae.
The Epidendroideae are a group of mostly epiphytic orchids in which roots bear a multi-layered, spongy epidermis (the velamen), and floral abscission often occurs (Freudenstein & Rasmussen 1999). A subgroup of forms with the pollinium bearing a tegula, a strap formed from the epidermis of the rostellum, has sometimes been recognised as a distinct subfamily Vandoideae but may not be monophyletic.
Listera, twayblades, is a northern temperate and Arctic terrestrial genus bearing two more or less opposite, sessile leaves. Epipactis, another Holarctic terrestrial genus, bears cauline leaves that are gradually reduced in size upward (Hickman 1993). Palmorchis is a Neotropical genus of terrestrial orchids resembling palm seedlings in overall appearance and producing fleshy fruits.
<==Epidendroideae [Coelogyneae, Limodorinae, Neottioideae, Pleuranthae, Sympodiales, Vandoideae]
|--+--Palmorchidinae [Palmorchideae]A86
| | |--PalmorchisRG07
| | `--DiceratosteleA86
| `--+--EpipactisRG07
| | |--E. giganteaH93
| | `--E. helleborineDS04 [=Serapias helleborineM68]
| `--Listera [Listerinae]RG07
| |--L. auriculataV72
| |--L. caurinaH93
| |--L. convallarioidesH93
| |--L. cordataT30 [incl. L. cordata var. nephrophyllaM68]
| |--L. kuanshanensisCP02
| |--L. ovataTG88
| `--L. × veltmanii [L. auriculata × L. convallarioides]V72
`--+--Cephalanthera austiniaeFR99, H93 [=Eburophyton austiniaeH93]
`--+--Tropidioideae [Tropidieae, Tropidiinae]FR99
| |--Corymborkis veratrifoliaFR99, JG19 [incl. Corymbis angustaJG19]
| `--TropidiaFR99
| |--T. curculigoidesP03
| `--T. effusaFR99
`--+--+--GastrodieaeRG07
| |--EpipogieaeA86
| | |--Epipogium roseum (Don) Lindley 1857FR99, SBY02 (see below for synonymy)
| | `--StereosandraA86
| `--SobraliinaeA86
| |--SobraliaRG07
| |--SertiferaA86
| |--XerorchisA86
| `--ElleanthusA86
| |--E. aurantiacusK16
| |--E. robustusK16
| |--E. tetrogeitonRJ11
| `--E. weberbauerianus Kränzlin 1916K16
`--+--GlomerinaeA86
| |--Glomera erythrosmaFR99, P03
| |--AglossorhynchaA86
| |--GlossorhynchaA86
| |--IschnocentrumA86
| |--SepalosiphonA86
| `--Earina Lindl. 1834A86, ME70
| |--*E. mucronata Lindl. 1834 [incl. E. aestivalis Cheesem. 1919, E. quadrilobata Col. 1883]ME70
| `--E. autumnalis (Forst. f.) Hook. f. 1853ME70 (see below for synonymy)
`--+--+--CoelogyninaeRG07
| `--+--Wullschlaegelia [Wullschlaegelieae]RG07
| `--ArethuseaeEN20
`--+--MalaxideaeEN20
`--+--CymbidieaeEN20
`--+--+--MasdevalliaRG07
| `--EpidendreaeEN20
`--+--CollabiumT-W89 [CollabieaeEN20]
| `--C. nebulosumT-W89
`--+--PodochileaeEN20
| |--EriinaeRG07
| `--PodochilinaeC03
| |--Podochilus gracilisC03, P03
| |--PseuderiaC03
| |--ChitonochilusA86
| |--CyphochilusA86
| `--PoaephyllumA86
`--+--TelipogoninaeA86
| |--TelipogonFR99
| |--DipterosteleA86
| |--StellilabiumA86
| `--TrichocerosA86
`--+--VandeaeEN20
`--Polystachyeae [Polystachyinae]FR99
|--NeobenthamiaFR99
|--HederorkisA86
|--ImerinaeaA86
`--PolystachyaFR99
|--P. luteolaC55
`--P. zeylanica [=Dendrobium polystachyum]C55
Epidendroideae incertae sedis:
Limodorum abortivumA86, H91
Thaia [Thaieae]A86
Neottia nidus-avisR02
GoveniaFR99
JensoaFR99
CorallorhizinaeFR99
AdrorhizinaeA86
|--AdrorhizaA86
`--SirhookeraFR99
Cryptarrhena [Cryptarrheneae]FR99
CeratostylisFR99
IsochilusFR99
PleurothallidinaeFR99
DendrobieaeFR99
DactylostalixFR99
ThelasiinaeA86
Earina autumnalis (Forst. f.) Hook. f. 1853ME70 [=Epidendrum autumnale Forst. f. 1786ME70, Cymbidium autumnale Swartz 1799C06; incl. Ea. alba Col. 1886ME70, Ea. suaveolens Lindl. 1843ME70]
Epipogium roseum (Don) Lindley 1857FR99, SBY02 [=Limodorum roseum Don 1825SBY02, Galera rosea Bl. 1825SBY02; incl. Epipogium nutans Reichenbach 1890SBY02]
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[A86] Atwood, J. T. 1986. The size of the Orchidaceae and the systematic distribution of epiphytic orchids. Selbyana 9: 171–186.
[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 2. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.
[C06] Cheeseman, T. F. 1906. Manual of the New Zealand Flora. John Mackay, Government Printer: Wellington.
[CP02] Chung, S.-W., & C.-I. Peng. 2002. Senecio kuanshanensis (Asteraceae), a new species from southern Taiwan. Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica 43: 155–159.
[C03] Clements, M. A. 2003. Molecular phylogenetic systematics in the Dendrobiinae (Orchidaceae), with emphasis on Dendrobium section Pedilonum. Telopea 10 (1): 247–298.
[DS04] Davis, J. I., D. W. Stevenson, G. Petersen, O. Seberg, L. M. Campbell, J. V. Freudenstein, D. H. Goldman, C. R. Hardy, F. A. Michelangeli, M. P. Simmons, C. D. Specht, F. Vergara-Silva & M. Gandolfo. 2004. A phylogeny of the monocots, as inferred from rbcL and atpA sequence variation, and a comparison of methods for calculating jackknife and bootstrap values. Systematic Botany 29 (3): 467–510.
[EN20] Eggli, U., & R. Nyffeler (eds) 2020. Illustrated Handbook of Succulent Plants: Monocotyledons 2nd ed. Springer.
[FR99] Freudenstein, J. V., & F. N. Rasmussen. 1999. What does morphology tell us about orchid relationships?—a cladistic analysis. American Journal of Botany 86: 225–248.
[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).
[H91] Hubálek, Z. 1991. Biogeographic indication of natural foci of tick-borne infections. In: Dusbábek, F., & V. Bukva (eds) Modern Acarology: Proceedings of the VIII International Congress of Acarology, held in České Budĕjovice, Czechoslovakia, 6–11 August 1990 vol. 1 pp. 255–260. SPB Academic Publishing: The Hague.
[JG19] James, D. J., P. T. Green, W. F. Humphreys & J. C. Z. Woinarski. 2019. Endemic species of Christmas Island, Indian Ocean. Records of the Western Australian Museum 34 (2): 55–114.
[K16] Kränzlin, F. 1916. Orchidaceae andinae. Botanische Jahrbücher für Systematik, Pflanzengeschichte und Pflanzengeographie 54 (Beiblatt 117): 16–34.
[ME70] Moore, L. B., & E. Edgar. 1970. Flora of New Zealand vol. 2. Indigenous Tracheophyta: Monocotyledones except Gramineae. A. R. Shearer, Government Printer: Wellington (New Zealand).
[M68] Munz, P. A. 1968. Supplement to a California Flora. University of California Press.
[P03] Partomihardjo, T. 2003. Colonisation of orchids on the Krakatau Islands. Telopea 10 (1): 299–310.
[RG07] Ramírez, S. R., B. Gravendeel, R. B. Singer, C. R. Marshall & N. E. Pierce. 2007. Dating the origin of the Orchidaceae from a fossil orchid with its pollinator. Nature 448: 1042–1045.
[R02] Raven, J. A. 2002. Selection pressures on stomatal evolution. New Phytologist 153: 371–386.
[RJ11] Rising, J. D., A. Jaramillo, J. L. Copete, P. G. Ryan & S. C. Madge. 2011. Family Emberizidae (buntings and New World sparrows). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 428–683. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.
[SBY02] Sardesai, M. M., M. P. Bachulkar & S. R. Yadav. 2002. Additions to the orchid flora of Maharashtra. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 99 (3): 564–566.
[T-W89] Tenison-Woods, J. E. 1889. On the vegetation of Malaysia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 4 (1): 9–106, pls 1–9.
[TG88] Tepfer, D., A. Goldmann, N. Pamboukdjian, M. Maille, A. Lepingle, D. Chevalier, J. Dénarié & C. Rosenberg. 1988. A plasmid of Rhizobium meliloti 41 encodes catabolism of two compounds from root exudate of Calystegium sepium. Journal of Bacteriology 170 (3): 1153–1161.
[V72] Voss, E. G. 1972. Michigan Flora. Part I. Gymnosperms and Monocots. Cranbrook Institute of Science and University of Michigan Herbarium.