Belongs within: Lecanoromycetes.
Contains: Stereocaulaceae, Sphaerophoraceae, Teloschistales, Lecanorales, Rhizocarpaceae, Lecideaceae, Peltigerineae, Collematineae.
The Lecanoromycetidae are a large clade of mostly lichenised fungi. Most subclades form lichens in association with green algae; species that associate with cyanobacteria are found only in the clade Peltigerales (though most species of that clade are cyanobacteria-associates). Historically, the clade has been divided between the orders Lecanorales, Peltigerales and Teloschistales, but the ‘Lecanorales’ in their broad sense are most likely paraphyletic with regard to the other two orders.
Taxa that may be excluded from the Lecanorales include the Porpidiaceae, crustose lichens producing asci with an outer gelatinised layer (Kirk et al. 2001). The Coniocybaceae are also crustose but produce thin-walled, evanescent asci in stalked ascomata (Kirk et al. 2001).
Characters (Kirk et al. 2008): Thallus very varied. Ascomata almost always apothecial, flat to strongly cup-shaped, with or without a thalline margin, rarely mazaedial. Interascal tissue of paraphyses, usually branched and swollen at apices, often with a pigmented of J+ epithecium, rarely absent. Asci typically with single wall layer visible in light microscopy but thick-walled, almost always with conspicuous thick cap-like apical part, often with complex apical structures, often J+, rarely thin-walled and evanescent. Ascospores very varied. Mainly lichen-forming (with protococcoid green or cyanobacterial photobionts), some lichenicolous or saprobes (then especially on wood in xeric conditions).
<==Lecanoromycetidae [Cladoniineae, Lecanorineae]
|--PorpidiaceaeML04
| |--Amygdalaria Norman 1852KC01
| |--Catarrhospora Brusse 1994KC01
| |--Clauzadea Hafellner & Bellem. 1984KC01
| |--Farnoldia Hertel 1983KC01
| |--Immersaria Rambold & Pietschm. 1989KC01
| |--Koerberiella Stein 1879 [incl. Lecanorella Frey 1926, Perspicinora Riedl 1990]KC01
| |--Labyrintha Malcolm, Elix & Owe-Larss. 1995KC01
| |--Mycobilimbia Rehm 1890 (see below for synonymy)KC01
| |--Paraporpidia Rambold & Pietschm. 1989KC01
| |--Poeltiaria Hertel 1984KC01
| |--Poeltidea Hertel & Hafellner 1984KC01
| |--Stephanocyclos Hertel 1983KC01
| |--Xenolecia Hertel 1984KC01
| |--Schizodiscus Brusse 1988 nec Hall & Clarke 1888 (ICZN) nec Kittl 1891 (ICZN) nec Kishinouye 1902 (ICZN) nec Dogiel in Dogiel & Reshetnyak 1952 (ICZN)KC01
| |--Bellemerea Hafellner & Roux 1984KC01
| | `--B. cinereorufescensA96
| `--Porpidia Körb. 1855 [incl. Haplocarpon Choisy 1936, Huilia Zahlbr. 1930]KC01
| |--P. albocoerulescensML04
| `--P. crustulataLS01
`--+--+--StereocaulaceaeML04
| `--SphaerophoraceaeML04
`--+--+--+--TeloschistalesML04
| | `--LecanoralesSS09
| `--+--RhizocarpaceaeML04
| `--SporostatiaLK04
| |--S. polysporaLK04
| `--S. testudineaLK04
`--+--LecideaceaeSS09
`--PeltigeralesML04
| i. s.: Peltigeropsis Marcano & Morales 1994KC01
|--PeltigerineaeML04
`--+--CollematineaeML04
`--CoccocarpiaceaeML04
|--Peltularia Sant. 1944KC01
|--Spilonema Bornet 1856 [incl. Asirosiphon Nyl. 1873, Spilonemopsis Vain. 1909 (n. n.)]KC01
|--Steinera Zahlbr. 1906 [=Molybdoplaca Nieuwl. 1916]KC01
| `--S. glaucellaML04
`--Coccocarpia Pers. 1827 [incl. Circinaria Fée 1825 non Link 1809, Vischia Dodge 1971]KC01
|--C. erythroxyliSS09
|--C. palmicola [incl. Parmelia cronia]G94
`--C. pellitaJ87
Lecanoromycetidae incertae sedis:
Anzia Stizenb. 1861 (nom. cons.)KC01 [incl. Chondrospora Massal. 1860KC01; AnziaceaeEB03]
|--*A. colpodes (Ach.) Stizenb. 1862 [incl. Parmelia colpodes var. sphaeroidispora Wilson 1889 (n. n.)]G94
|--A. minor Yoshim. in Yoshimura & Elix 1993G94
`--A. tianjarana Yoshim. & Elix 1993G94
Arthrorhaphis Fr. 1860 (nom. cons. prop.)KC01 (see below for synonymy)
Pachyascus Poelt & Hertel 1968 [Pachyascaceae]KC01
Cetradonia Wei & Ahti 2002 [Cetradoniaceae]WA02
`--*C. linearis (Evans) Wei & Ahti 2002 (see below for synonymy)WA02
PilocarpaceaeEB03
|--Bapalmuia Sérus. 1993KC01
|--Felhanera Vězda 1986 [incl. Lobaca Vězda 1983 (nom. inv.)]KC01
|--Felhaneropsis Sérus. & Coppins 1996KC01
|--Byssolecania Vain. 1921 (see below for synonymy)KC01
| `--B. fumosonigricans [incl. *Dothiomyces xouepiae]E99
`--Byssoloma Trevis. 1853 (see below for synonymy)KC01
`--'*Pyriomyces’ protiiE99
BrigantiaeaceaeEB03
|--Argopsis Fr. 1857KC01
`--Brigantiaea Trevis. 1853 [incl. Myxodictyon Massal. 1860, Myxodictyonomyces Cif. & Tomas. 1953]KC01
Eschatogonia Trevis. 1853EB03, KC01
Podotara Malcolm & Vězda 1996EB03, KC01
TimdaliaEB03
Calycidium Stirt. 1877 [=Calycidiomyces Cif. & Tomas. 1953, Coniophyllum Müll. Arg. 1892; Calycidiaceae]KC01
ConiocybaceaeKC01
|--Coniocybe Ach. 1816 (see below for synonymy)KC01
|--Chaenotheca (Fr.) Fr. 1860 (see below for synonymy)KC01
|--Sclerophora Chevall. 1826KC01
`--‘Cyphelium’ De Not. 1846 nec Ach. 1815 nec Chevall. 1826KC01
Arthrorhaphis Fr. 1860 (nom. cons. prop.)KC01 [incl. Gongylia Körb. 1855KC01, Mycobacidia Rehm 1890KC01, Parathalle Clem. 1909KC01, Raphiospora Massal. 1853 (nom. rej. prop.)KC01; ArthroraphidaceaeEB03]
Byssolecania Vain. 1921 [incl. Dothiomyces Bat. & Bezerra 1961, Gonolecania Zahlbr. 1924, Lecaniella Vain. 1896 non Jatta 1889]KC01
Byssoloma Trevis. 1853 [=Tricholechia Massal. 1853; incl. Calidia Stirt. 1876, Limbalba Nieuwl. 1916, Pilocarpon Vain. 1890, Pyriomyces Bat. & Maia 1965, Wainioa Nieuwl. 1916]KC01
*Cetradonia linearis (Evans) Wei & Ahti 2002 [=Cladonia linearis Evans 1947, Gymnoderma lineare (Evans) Yoshimura & Sharp 1968]WA02
Chaenotheca (Fr.) Fr. 1860 [=Chaenothecomyces Cif. & Tomas. 1953; incl. Allodium Nyl. 1896, Cybebe Tibell 1984, Cyphelium Chevall. 1826 non Ach. 1815, Embolus Batsch 1783 non Haller 1768, Eucyphelis Clem. 1909, Heydeniopsis Naumov 1915]KC01
Coniocybe Ach. 1816 [=Coniocybomyces Cif. & Tomas. 1953; incl. Chroocybe Räsänen 1943 (nom. inv.), Fulgia Chevall. 1822, Mycoconiocybe Reinke 1895 (nom. inv.), Pseudoconiocybe Marchand 1896]KC01
Mycobilimbia Rehm 1890 [=Bilimbia De Not. 1846 non Rchb. 1837, Probilimbia Vain. 1899, Weitenwebera Opiz 1857 non Opiz 1839]KC01
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[A96] Alstrup, V. 1996. Nectria tatrensis sp. nov. and other lichenicolous fungi found on the bryo-lichenological excursion in Slovakia 1993. Biologia 51: 13–14.
[E99] Eriksson, O. E. (ed.) 1999. Notes on ascomycete systematics. Nos 2440–2755. Myconet 2: 1–41.
[EB03] Eriksson, O. E., H. O. Barah, R. S. Currah, K. Hansen, C. P. Kurtzman, G. Rambold & T. Laessøe (eds.) 2003. Outline of Ascomycota—2003. Myconet 9: 1–89.
[G94] Grgurinovic, C. (ed.) 1994. Flora of Australia vol. 55. Lichens—Lecanorales 2, Parmeliaceae. Australian Biological Resources Study: Canberra.
[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.
[KC01] Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, J. C. David & J. A. Stalpers. 2001. Ainsworth & Bisby’s Dictionary of the Fungi 9th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).
Kirk, P. M., P. F. Cannon, D. W. Minter & J. A. Stalpers (eds) 2008. Dictionary of the Fungi 10th ed. CAB International: Wallingford (UK).
[LS01] Lumbsch, H. T., I. Schmitt, H. Döring & M. Wedin. 2001. Molecular systematics supports the recognition of an additional order of Ascomycota: the Agyriales. Mycological Research 105 (1): 16–23.
[LK04] Lutzoni, F., F. Kauff, C. J. Cox, D. McLaughlin, G. Celio, B. Dentinger, M. Padamsee, D. Hibbett, T. Y. James, E. Baloch, M. Grube, V. Reeb, V. Hofstetter, C. Schoch, A. E. Arnold, J. Miadlikowska, J. Spatafora, D. Johnson, S. Hambleton, M. Crockett, R. Shoemaker, G.-H. Sung, R. Lücking, T. Lumbsch, K. O’Donnell, M. Binder, P. Diederich, D. Ertz, C. Gueidan, K. Hansen, R. C. Harris, K. Hosaka, Y.-W. Lim, B. Matheny, H. Nishida, D. Pfister, J. Rogers, A. Rossman, I. Schmitt, H. Sipman, J. Stone, J. Sugiyama, R. Yahr & R. Vilgalys. 2004. Assembling the fungal tree of life: progress, classification, and evolution of subcellular traits. American Journal of Botany 91 (10): 1446–1480.
[ML04] Miadlikowska, J., & F. Lutzoni. 2004. Phylogenetic classification of peltigeralean fungi (Peltigerales, Ascomycota) based on ribosomal RNA small and large subunits. American Journal of Botany 91 (3): 449–464.
[SS09] Schoch, C. L., G.-H. Sung, F. López-Giráldez, J. P. Townsend, J. Miadlikowska, V. Hofstetter, B. Robbertse, P. B. Matheny, F. Kauff, Z. Wang, C. Gueidan, R. M. Andrie, K. Trippe, L. M. Ciufetti, A. Wynns, E. Fraker, B. P. Hodkinson, G. Bonito, J. Z. Groenewald, M. Arzanlou, G. S. de Hoog, P. W. Crous, D. Hewitt, D. H. Pfister, K. Peterson, M. Gryzenhout, M. J. Wingfield, A. Aptroot, S.-O. Suh, M. Blackwell, D. M. Hillis, G. W. Griffith, L. A. Castlebury, A. Y. Rossman, H. T. Lumbsch, R. Lücking, B. Büdel, A. Rauhut, P. Diederich, D. Ertz, D. M. Geiser, K. Hosaka, P. Inderbitzin, J. Kohlmeyer, B. Volkmann-Kohlmeyer, L. Mostert, K. O’Donnell, H. Sipman, J. D. Rogers, R. A. Shoemaker, J. Sugiyama, R. C. Summerbell, W. Untereiner, P. R. Johnston, S. Stenroos, A. Zuccaro, P. S. Dyer, P. D. Crittenden, M. S. Cole, K. Hansen, J. M. Trappe, R. Yahr, F. Lutzoni & J. W. Spatafora. 2009. The Ascomycota tree of life: a phylum-wide phylogeny clarifies the origin and evolution of fundamental reproductive and ecological traits. Systematic Biology 58 (2): 224–239.
[WA02] Wei, J.-C., & T. Ahti. 2002. Cetradonia, a new genus in the new family Cetradoniaceae (Lecanorales, Ascomycota). Lichenologist 34 (1): 19–31.