Belongs within: Polypodiales.
Contains: Cheilanthes, Pellaea, Vittariaceae, Adiantum, Pteris, Acrostichum.
The Pteridaceae are a cosmopolitan family of ferns with abaxial sori lacking indusia or protected by a reflexed or revolute leaf margin (M. D. Windham). Molecular phylogenetic analysis suggests that the Pteridaceae may be paraphyletic with regard to the Vittariaceae (Schneider et al. 2004). The Pteridaceae also include the aquatic genus Ceratopteris, as well as the semi-aquatic Acrostichum.
Cryptogramma, the parsley ferns, is a genus found in rocky habitats with leaves of two dissimilar kinds, the fertile fronds being more erect with longer petioles and longer, narrower segments than sterile fronds (Hickman 1993). The Neotropical genus Astrolepis has 1-pinnate leaves with stellate scales on the upper surfaces of the leaflets (Hickman 1993).
Characters (from M. D. Windham): Plants perennial (occasionally annual), on rock or terrestrial, of small (rarely large) stature . Stems compact to creeping, branched or unbranched, dictyostelic, bearing hairs and/or scales. Leaves monomorphic to dimorphic, circinate or noncircinate in bud . Petioles usually with persistent scales proximally, lacking spines; vascular bundles 1–several, roundish or crescent-shaped in cross section. Blades 1–6-pinnate, without laminar buds . Indument on petioles, rachises, costae, and blades, rarely absent or commonly of hairs, glands, and/or scales, occasionally of white or yellow farina. Veins pinnate or parallel in ultimate segments of blades, simple or forked, free or infrequently anastomosing in complex patterns. Sori borne abaxially on veins, often confluent with age and forming a continuous submarginal band, or sporangia densely covering abaxial surface (acrostichoid); receptacle not or only slightly elevated. Indusia (when present) formed by reflexed, recurved, or revolute leaf margin (false indusium). Sporangia stalk of 2–3 rows of cells; annulus vertical, interrupted by stalk; spores 64 or 32 (rarely 16) per sporangium. Spores all 1 kind, brown, black, or gray (rarely yellow), globose to globose-tetrahedral or trigonal, occasionally with prominent equatorial ridge, trilete, or trigonal, variously ornamented (usually cristate or rugose). Gametophytes green, aboveground, obcordate to reniform, sometimes asymmetric, usually glabrous (glandular-farinose in Notholaena); archegonia and antheridia borne on abaxial surface, antheridia 3-celled.
<==Pteridaceae [Adiantaceae, Parkeriaceae, Sinopteridaceae]
| i. s.: Anopteris hexagoniaJ87
| Gymnopteris Bernhardi 1799YS03
| `--G. vestita (Bedd.) Underwood 1902 (see below for synonymy)I88
| AspidotisH93
| |--A. californicaH93
| |--A. carlotta-halliae [=Cheilantes carlotta-halliae]H93
| `--A. densa [=Onychium densum]H93
|--+--Llavea cordifoliaSP09
| `--+--ConiogrammeSP09
| | |--C. caudata (Presl) Ching in Christensen 1934 [=Gymnopteris caudata Presl ex Ettingsh. 1865]I88
| | |--C. fraxinea (Don) Diels 1899 (see below for synonymy)I88
| | |--C. intermedia Hieronymus 1916I88
| | |--C. japonicaSS04
| | `--C. procera Fée 1865I88
| `--CryptogrammaSP09
| |--C. acrostichoidesH93
| |--C. brunoniana Wallich ex Hooker & Greville 1829I88
| |--C. cascadensisH93
| |--C. crispa (Linnaeus) Brown in Richards 1823SP09, I88
| `--C. stelleri (Gmelin) Prantl 1882 (see below for synonymy)I88
`--+--+--+--DoryopterisSP09
| | | |--D. concolor (Langsd. & Fischer) Kuhn in v. Deck. 1879 (see below for synonymy)I88
| | | `--D. ludensI88 [=Pteris ludensT-W89]
| | `--+--BommeriaSP09
| | | |--B. ehrenbergianaSS04
| | | |--B. hispidaSP09
| | | `--B. pedataL54
| | `--+--+--CheilanthesSP09
| | | `--+--ArgyrochosmaSP09
| | | | |--A. jonesii [=Cheilanthes jonesii]H93
| | | | `--A. limitanea [=Cheilanthes limitanea, Notholaena limitanea]H93
| | | `--+--PellaeaSP09
| | | `--+--AstrolepisSP09
| | | | |--A. cochisensis [=Cheilanthes sinuata var. cochisensis]H93
| | | | `--A. sinuataSP09
| | | `--ParaceterachSP09 [incl. Paragymnopteris Shing 1993YS03]
| | | |--P. marantae (Linnaeus) Tryon 1986SP09, YS03 (see below for synonymy)
| | | `--P. muelleriLK14
| | `--+--Notholaena Brown 1810SP09, YS03 [=Chrysochosma (Kümm.) Pichi Sermolli 1989YS03, NothochlaenaB78]
| | | |--*N. trichomanoides (Linnaeus) Brown 1810 [=Pteris trichomanoides]YS03
| | | |--N. aschenbornianaSP09
| | | |--N. californica [incl. N. californica ssp. nigrescens]H93
| | | |--N. fragilis [incl. Cheilanthes fragillima]B78
| | | `--N. parryiGCR98
| | `--+--PentagrammaSP09
| | | |--P. pallida [=Pityrogramma triangularis var. pallida]H93
| | | `--P. triangularis [=Pityrogramma triangularis]H93
| | | |--P. t. ssp. triangularis [incl. P. triangularis ssp. semipallida]H93
| | | |--P. t. ssp. maxonii [=Pityrogramma triangularis var. maxonii]H93
| | | `--P. t. ssp. viscosa [=Pityrogramma triangularis var. viscosa]H93
| | `--+--+--Aleuritopteris argenteaSP09
| | | `--MildellaSP09
| | | |--M. henryiSP09
| | | `--M. nitidula (Wallich) Hall & Lell. 1967 (see below for synonymy)I88
| | `--+--HemionitisSP09
| | | |--‘Asplenium’ grandifoliumV97
| | | |--H. lanceolataV97
| | | `--H. palmataSP09
| | `--+--Adiantopsis radiataSP09
| | `--‘Pellaea’ viridisSP09
| `--+--+--VittariaceaeSS04
| | `--‘Adiantum’ raddianumSP09
| `--+--AdiantumSS04
| `--Hewardia regiaSS04
`--+--+--+--+--ActiniopterisSP09
| | | | |--A. dimorphaSP09
| | | | `--A. semiflabellata Pichi-Ser. 1962I88
| | | `--OnychiumSP09
| | | |--O. contiguum Hope 1901 [incl. O. japonicum var. intermedia Clarke 1880]I88
| | | |--O. japonicum (Thunberg) Kunze 1848 (see below for synonymy)I88
| | | `--O. siliculosum (Desvaux) Christensen 1906 (see below for synonymy)I88
| | `--+--PityrogrammaSP09
| | | |--P. austroamericanaH90
| | | |--P. calomelanos (Linnaeus) Link 1833 (see below for synonymy)I88
| | | |--P. ferrugineaL54
| | | |--P. jamesoniiSP09
| | | |--P. schaffneriL54
| | | `--P. tartareaL54
| | `--+--Pterozonium brevifronsSP09
| | `--Eriosorus cheilanthoidesSP09
| `--PterisSP09
`--+--+--MagnastriatitesSS04
| `--CeratopterisSS04
| |--C. richardiiSL05
| `--C. thalictroides (Linnaeus) Brongniart 1822I88 (see below for synonymy)
`--AcrostichumSP09
Ceratopteris thalictroides (Linnaeus) Brongniart 1822I88 [=Acrostichum thalictroides Linnaeus 1753I88; incl. Parkeria pteridioidesB78, A. siliquosum Linnaeus 1753I88, Ceratopteris siliquasa (Linnaeus) Copel. 1935I88]
Coniogramme fraxinea (Don) Diels 1899 [=Diplazium fraxineum Don 1825, Gymnogramma fraxinea, Syngramme fraxinea (Don) Bedd. 1883; incl. Diplazium falcatum Don 1825]I88
Cryptogramma stelleri (Gmelin) Prantl 1882 [=Pteris stelleri Gmelin 1768, Pellaea stelleri (Gmelin) Bedd. 1883; incl. Pe. gracilis Hooker 1858]I88
Doryopteris concolor (Langsd. & Fischer) Kuhn in v. Deck. 1879 [=Pteris concolor Langsd. & Fischer 1810, Pellaea concolor (Langsd. & Fischer) Baker 1870]I88
Gymnopteris vestita (Bedd.) Underwood 1902 [=Syngramma vestita Bedd. 1883, Grammitis vestita Wallich ex Bedd. 1883 (n. n.), Gymnogramma vestita]I88
Mildella nitidula (Wallich) Hall & Lell. 1967 [=Cheilanthes nitidula Wallich ex Hooker 1852, Pellaea nitidula (Wallich) Hooker & Baker 1867]I88
Onychium japonicum (Thunberg) Kunze 1848 [=Trichomanes japonicum Thunberg 1784; incl. Leptostegia lucida Don 1825, Onychium japonicum var. lucidum (Don) Christ 1905, O. lucidum (Don) Spr. 1827]I88
Onychium siliculosum (Desvaux) Christensen 1906 [=Pteris siliculosa Desvaux 1811; incl. O. auratum Kaulf. 1824]I88
Paraceterach marantae (Linnaeus) Tryon 1986SP09, YS03 [=Acrostichum marantae Linnaeus 1753YS03, Notholaena marantae (Linnaeus) Brown 1810YS03, *Paragymnopteris marantae (Linnaeus) Shing 1993YS03]
Pityrogramma calomelanos (Linnaeus) Link 1833 [=Acrostichum calomelanos Linnaeus 1753, Pellaea calomelanos (Linnaeus) Link 1841]I88
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[B78] Bentham, G. 1878. Flora Australiensis: A description of the plants of the Australian Territory vol. 7. Roxburghiaceae to Filices. L. Reeve & Co.: London.
[GCR98] Gratani, L., M. F. Crescente & G. Rossi. 1998. Photosynthetic performance and water use efficiency of the fern Cheilanthes persica. Photosynthetica 35: 507–516.
[H90] Harden, G. J. (ed.) 1990. Flora of New South Wales vol. 1. New South Wales University Press.
[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).
[I88] Iwatsuki, K. 1988. An enumeration of the pteridophytes of Nepal. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 231–339.
[J87] Judd, W. S. 1987. Floristic study of Morne La Visite and Pic Macaya National Parks, Haiti. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum—Biological Sciences 32 (1): 1–136.
[L54] Lötschert, W. 1954. Beitrag zur Pteridophyten-Flora von Mittel-Amerika. Senckenbergiana Biologica 35 (1–2): 109–119.
[LK14] Lyons, M. N., G. J. Keighery, L. A. Gibson & T. Handasyde. 2014. Flora and vegetation communities of selected islands off the Kimberley coast of Western Australia. Records of the Western Australian Museum Supplement 81: 205–244.
[SS04] Schneider, H., E. Schuettpelz, K. M. Pryer, R. Cranfill, S. Magallón & R. Lupia. 2004. Ferns diversified in the shadow of angiosperms. Nature 428: 553–557.
[SP09] Schuettpelz, E., & K. M. Pryer. 2009. Evidence for a Cenozoic radiation of ferns in an angiosperm-dominated canopy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 106 (27): 11200–11205.
[SL05] Small, R. L., E. B. Lickey, J. Shaw & W. D. Hauk. 2005. Amplification of noncoding chloroplast DNA for phylogenetic studies in lycophytes and monilophytes with a comparative example of relative phylogenetic utility from Ophioglossaceae. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 36: 509–522.
[T-W89] Tenison-Woods, J. E. 1889. On the vegetation of Malaysia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, series 2, 4 (1): 9–106, pls 1–9.
[V97] Ventenat, C. 1797. Extrait d’un mémoire sur les fougeres, de M. Smith. Bulletin des Sciences, par la Societé Philomathique de Paris 1 (9): 71–72.
[YS03] Yatskievych, G., & A. R. Smith. 2003. Typification of Notholaena R. Br. (Pteridaceae). Taxon 52: 331–336.