Belongs within: Campanulidae.
Contains: Caprifoliaceae, Dipsacaceae, Valerianaceae.
The Dipsacales are a clade of plants usually with opposite, gland-toothed leaves and flowers borne in cymose inflorescences. Members of the family Adoxaceae have fruit which are drupes, and include the elder Sambucus nigra whose fruit are used for flavouring drinks and other culinary purposes. Species of Sambucus have compound leaves and produce berry-like fruits whereas Viburnum species have simple leaves and their fruits are drupes (Hickman 1993).
Characters (mobot.org): Route I secoiridoids present; vessel elements with scalariform perforation plates; petiole bundles arcuate; colleters absent; buds perulate; leaves opposite, margins gland-toothed, bases more or less confluent; inflorescence with terminal flowers, branches cymose; pollen grains tricellular; gynoecium with three connate carpels, at least partly inferior; ovules apotropous; fruit indehiscent, wall with fibrous layers perpendicular to each other and thick walled sclereids, containing crystals, calyx persistent; testa vascularized, exotestal cells enlarged, cuboid/rectangular, variously thickened and lignified, seed coat 1-21 μm across; endosperm without haustoria, cells thin-walled, not differentiated.
<==Dipsacales
| i. s.: MorinaceaeT00
| |--AcanthocalyxT00
| |--CryptothladiaT00
| `--MorinaT00
| |--M. longifoliaO88
| |--M. nepalensisO88
| `--M. polyphyllaO88
|--+--CaprifoliaceaeK03
| `--+--+--DipsacaceaeK03
| | `--ValerianaceaeK03
| `--LinnaeaceaeK03
| |--Linnaea borealisC55
| | |--L. b. var. borealisH93
| | `--L. b. var. longifloraH93
| `--AbeliaK03
| |--A. grandifloraK03
| `--A. trifloraK03
`--Adoxaceae [Viburnaceae]K03
|--AdoxoideaeT00
| |--Adoxa moschatellinaN77
| `--SambucusT00
| |--S. callicarpa [incl. S. racemosa var. arborescens]M68
| |--S. canadensisK03
| |--S. ceruleaB14
| |--S. ebulusR-CT01
| |--S. gaudichaudianaBR65
| |--S. gluacaF04
| |--S. hookeriDD73
| |--S. melanocarpaH93
| |--S. mexicanusRJ11
| |--S. nigraBR65
| |--S. racemosaK03
| | |--S. r. var. racemosaH93
| | `--S. r. var. microbotrysH93
| `--S. sieboldianaLO98
`--ViburnumK03 [OpuloideaeT00, Viburnoideae]
|--V. acerifoliumK03
|--V. awabukiMH98
|--V. chinenseH97
|--V. colebrookianumDD73
|--V. coriaceumDD73
|--V. dentatumSE96
|--V. ellipticumH93
|--V. erubescensD07
|--V. mullahaO88
| |--V. m. var. mullahaO88
| `--V. m. var. glabrescensO88
|--V. odoratissimumDD73
|--V. opulusK03
|--V. rigidumMP05
|--V. sargentiiK03
|--V. simonsiiDD73
|--V. taitoenseCP02
`--V. tinusBR65
*Type species of generic name indicated
References
[BR65] Black, J. M., & E. L. Robertson. 1965. Flora of South Australia. Part IV. Oleaceae–Compositae. W. L. Hawes, Government Printer: Adelaide.
[B14] Bouchard, P. (ed.) 2014. The Book of Beetles: A lifesize guide to six hundred of nature’s gems. Ivy Press: Lewes (United Kingdom).
[C55] Candolle, A. de. 1855. Géographie Botanique Raisonée: Ou exposition des faits principaux et des lois concernant la distribution géographique des plantes de l’époque actuelle vol. 1. Librairie de Victor Masson: Paris.
[CP02] Chung, S.-W., & C.-I. Peng. 2002. Senecio kuanshanensis (Asteraceae), a new species from southern Taiwan. Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica 43: 155–159.
[D07] Dash, S. S. 2007. Useful plants of Kabi Sacred Grove, Sikkim. Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 49: 79–88.
[DD73] Deb, D. B., & R. M. Dutta. 1973. Contribution to the flora of Tirap Frontier Division. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 69 (3): 547–573.
[F04] Fitzpatrick, J. W. 2004. Family Tyrannidae (tyrant-flycatchers). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 9. Cotingas to pipits and wagtails pp. 170–462. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.
[H97] Hamilton, A. G. 1897. On domatia in certain Australian and other plants. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 21 (4): 758–792, pl. 57.
[H93] Hickman, J. C. (ed.) 1993. The Jepson Manual: Higher Plants of California. University of California Press: Berkeley (California).
[K03] Kårehed, J. 2003. The family Pennantiaceae and its relationships to Apiales. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 141: 1–24.
[LO98] Lack, H. W., & H. Ohba. 1998. Die Xylothek des Chikusai Kato. Willdenowia 28: 263–276.
[MP05] Moraza, M. L., & M. A. Peña. 2005. Ácaros Mesostigmata (Acari, Mesostigmata) de hábitats seleccionados de la Gomera (Islas Canarias, España). Graellsia 61 (1): 109–114.
[MH98] Morikawa, H., A. Higaki, M. Nohno, M. Takahashi, M. Kamada, M. Nakata, G. Toyohara, Y. Okamura, K. Matsui, S. Kitani, K. Fujita, K. Irifune & N. Goshima. 1998. More than a 600-fold variation in nitrogen dioxide assimilation among 217 plant taxa. Plant, Cell and Environment 21: 180–190.
[M68] Munz, P. A. 1968. Supplement to a California Flora. University of California Press.
[N77] Niedbała, W. 1977. Badania biocenotyczne nad mechowcami (Acari, Oribatei) Masywu Ślęży. Badania Fizjograficzne nad Polską Zachodnią, Seria C—Zoologia 30: 47–73.
[O88] Ohba, H. 1988. The alpine flora of the Nepal Himalayas: an introductory note. In: Ohba, H., & S. B. Malla (eds) The Himalayan Plants vol. 1. The University Museum, University of Tokyo, Bulletin 31: 19–46.
[R-CT01] Ragusa-di Chiara, S., & H. Tsolakis. 2001. Phytoseiid faunas of natural and agricultural ecosystems in Sicily. In: Halliday, R. B., D. E. Walter, H. C. Proctor, R. A. Norton & M. J. Colloff (eds) Acarology: Proceedings of the 10th International Congress pp. 522–529. CSIRO Publishing: Melbourne.
[RJ11] Rising, J. D., A. Jaramillo, J. L. Copete, P. G. Ryan & S. C. Madge. 2011. Family Emberizidae (buntings and New World sparrows). In: Hoyo, J. del, A. Elliott & D. A. Christie (eds) Handbook of the Birds of the World vol. 16. Tanagers to New World Blackbirds pp. 428–683. Lynx Edicions: Barcelona.
[SE96] Smith, C. F., & R. W. Eckel. 1996. Aphis crassicauda, n. sp. (Homoptera: Aphididae), with a key to alate species of Aphis on Viburnum spp. in the United States. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 98 (1): 44–49.
[T00] Thorne, R. F. 2000. The classification and geography of the flowering plants: dicotyledons of the class Angiospermae (subclasses Magnoliidae, Ranunculidae, Caryophyllidae, Dilleniidae, Rosidae, Asteridae, and Lamiidae). The Botanical Review 66: 441–647.