Microhylidae

Belongs within: Diplasiocoela.
Contains: Gastrophryninae, Asterophryninae, Microhylinae, Cophylinae.

The Microhylidae, narrow-mouthed frogs, are a widespread group of mostly small frogs.

Synapomorphies (Frost et al. 2006): Keratodonts absent in larvae; keratinised jaw sheaths absent in larvae; vena caudalis dorsalis present in larvae; spiracle position median posterior; m. geniohyoideus origin in larvae from connective tissue lateral to glandula thyroidea; m. interhyoideus posterior in larvae extensive and strongly developed; m. diaphragmatopraecordialis absent in larvae; lateral fibers of m. subarcualis rectus II–IV invade interbranchial septum IV musculature in larvae; m. subarcualis rectus II–IV split into medial and lateral separate muscles; m. subarcualis rectus I portion with origin from ceratobranchial III absent; ventral portion of m. subarcualis rectus I inserts laterally on ceratohyal; origin of m. suspensoriohyoideus from posterior palatoquadrate; m. interhyoideus and m. intermandibularis in close proximity; m. mandibulolabialis inserting exclusively on cartilago labialis inferior; m. levator mandibulae internus anterior; m. levator mandibulae longus originates exclusively from arcus subocularis; profundus and superficialis portions of m. levator mandibulae longus not overlapping and parallel; ramus mandibularis (cranial nerve V3) between portions of m. levator mandibulae longus muscle; processus suboticus quadrati present; partes corpores forming medial body; distal end of cartilago meckeli expanded and flattened with no fossa; hypobranchial plates fused; commissura proximalis I present; processus branchialis closed; accessory longitudinal bars of cartilage dorsal to ceratobranchialia II and III present; posterior margin of ventral velum discontinuous; glottis position posterior; nostrils closed in larval stages; branchial food traps divided and crescentic; eggs floating.

<==Microhylidae [Micrhylidae, Microhyloidea]PW11
    |  i. s.: ParamophrynellaPW11
    |--+--Phrynomantis Peters 1867FG06 [Phrynomantini, PhrynomerinaePW11]
    |  |    |--P. annectensPW11
    |  |    `--+--P. bifasciatusPW11
    |  |       `--P. micropsPW11
    |  `--HoplophryninaeFB17
    |       |--Parhoplophryne Barbour & Loveridge 1928PW11, FG06
    |       `--Hoplophryne Barbour & Loveridge 1928FG06
    |            |--H. rogersiPW11
    |            `--H. uluguruensisPW11
    `--+--+--GastrophryninaeFB17
       |  `--OtophryninaePW11
       |       |--Otophryne Boulenger 1900FB17, FG06
       |       |    `--O. pyburniPW11
       |       `--Synapturanus Carvalho 1954PW11, FG06
       |            `--S. mirandaribeiroiPW11
       `--+--+--Kalophrynus Tschudi 1838FB17, FG06 [Kalophrynina]
          |  |    |  i. s.: K. interlineatus (Blyth 1855)FB17, L50 (see below for synonymy)
          |  |    |--K. baluensisPW11
          |  |    `--+--K. intermediusPW11
          |  |       `--K. pleurostigmaPW11
          |  `--+--+--AsterophryninaeFB17
          |     |  `--Melanobatrachus Beddome 1878FG06 [MelanobatrachinaePW11]
          |     |       `--M. indicusPW11
          |     `--+--MicrohylinaeFB17
          |        `--Dyscophus Grandidier 1872FG06 [Dyscophidae, DyscophinaePW11]
          |             |--D. insularisPW11
          |             `--+--D. antongiliiPW11
          |                `--D. guinetiPW11
          `--+--CophylinaeFB17
             `--ScaphiophryninaePW11
                  |--Pseudohemisus Mocquard 1895 [Pseudohemisiinae]FG06
                  |--Paradoxophyla Blommers-Schlösser & Blanc 1991PW11, FG06
                  |    |--P. palmataPW11
                  |    `--P. tiaranoPW11
                  `--Scaphiophryne Boulenger 1882FB17, FG06
                       |--S. brevisPW11
                       `--+--+--S. spinosaPW11
                          |  `--+--S. calcarataPW11
                          |     `--S. gottlebeiPW11
                          `--+--S. marmorataPW11
                             `--+--S. boriboryPW11
                                `--+--S. madagascariensisPW11
                                   `--S. menabensisPW11

Kalophrynus interlineatus (Blyth 1855)^{FB17, L50} [=Engystoma interlineatum^L50, K. pleurostigma interlineatus^L50; incl. Calophrynus pleurostigma var. sinensis Peters 1867^L50]

*Type species of generic name indicated

References

[FB17] Feng, Y.-J., D. C. Blackburn, D. Liang, D. M. Hillis, D. B. Wake, D. C. Cannatella & P. Zhang. 2017. Phylogenomics reveals rapid, simultaneous diversification of three major clades of Gondwanan frogs at the Cretaceous–Paleogene boundary. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA 114 (29): E5864–E5870.

[FG06] Frost, D. R., T. Grant, J. Faivovich, R. H. Bain, A. Haas, C. F. B. Haddad, R. O. de Sá, A. Channing, M. Wilkinson, S. C. Donnellan, C. J. Raxworthy, J. A. Campbell, B. L. Blotto, P. Moler, R. C. Drewes, R. A. Nussbaum, J. D. Lynch, D. M. Green & W. C. Wheeler. 2006. The amphibian tree of life. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 297: 1–370.

[L50] Liu, C.-C. 1950. Amphibians of western China. Fieldiana: Zoology Memoirs 2: 1–400.

[PW11] Pyron, R. A., & J. J. Wiens. 2011. A large-scale phylogeny of Amphibia including over 2800 species, and a revised classification of extant frogs, salamanders, and caecilians. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 61: 543–583.